Panônia Prima

 Nota: Para outros significados, veja Panônia (desambiguação).
Provincia Pannonia Prima
Província Panônia Prima
Província do(a) Império Romano
 
296427


Diocese da Panônia, mostrando as quatro províncias panônias, c. 400
Capital Savaria
Líder Praeses

Período Antiguidade Tardia
296 d.C. Separada da Panônia Superior
427 d.C. Anexada pelos hunos
533 d.C. Abolida oficialmente

Panônia Prima ou Panônia I foi uma província romana tardia criada em 296 durante a reforma administrativa do imperador Diocleciano (r. 284-305). Ela antes era parte da província da Panônia Superior e a transição para a nova configuração completou-se no reinado de Constantino[1]. De acordo com a Notitia Dignitatum, a Panônia Prima era governada por um praeses.

Geografia

A Panônia Prima incluía partes da moderna Hungria, Áustria, Croácia, Eslovênia e Eslováquia. A capital era a cidade de Savaria (moderna Szombathely), uma cidade fundada durante o reinado de Cláudio e localizada numa importante encruzilhada entre a Rota do Âmbar, que ligava a Itália com a região da Hungria, e uma outra estrada que ligava Augusta dos Tréveros (atual Tréveris) e Sírmio[2]. Outras importantes cidades da região eram Vindobona (Viena) e Escarbância (Sopron)[3]. A cidade de Sírmio, na Panônia Secunda, era também a capital da Diocese da Panônia, que incluía além das quatro províncias panônias, a Dalmácia e a Nórica[4].

As outras três províncias panônias eram a Panônia Sávia (que também fora parte da Panônia Superior) e as duas subdivisões da Panônia Inferior, a Panônia Secunda e a Panônia Valéria. A Panônia Prima fazia fronteira para o oeste com os Alpes, que se estendem do Danúbio até o Adriático, na Nórica[5]. Ao norte estava o Danúbio e no sul, o rio Drava. No oriente, estava separada da Valéria por uma linha norte-sul desenhada arbitrariamente e que tangenciava a ponta oriental do Lago Pelsão (Lago Balaton)[3]. Na outra ponta estava o forte de Valco (moderna Fenékpuszta), perto da estrada que ligava Sírmio e Sabaria, um poderoso centro dos latifúndios imperiais da época de Constantino. A única fronteira externa da Panônia Prima era o Danúbio, que era facilmente defensável; por isso, havia ali poucos fortes[6].

Declínio e queda

O imperador Graciano (r. 367-383) iniciou uma política de assentamento de tribos hunas como federados na Panônia[7] e, a partir de 375, o dinheiro romano deixou de circular em toda a Panônia ao norte do Drava, incluindo a Panônia Prima, o que indica que a influência romana já havia desaparecido completamente na região na época. Os federados, juntamente com os bárbaros visigodos e hunos, passaram a atacar a região e a situação na Panônia foi descrita por Claudiano como um "cerco contínuo" em 399. A Panônia Prima resistiu sob o comando de Generido, mas acabou no final sendo assimilada ao território huno em 427. Roma jamais retomaria o controle desta região, que, todavia, permaneceu como uma permaneceu como uma província romana nominalmente até a Batalha de Mons Lactarius, quando caiu o Reino Ostrogótico em 553[8].

Referências

  1. Mocsy, A: "Pannonia and Upper Moesia", pp. 272-3. Boston: Routledge and Kegan Paul Ltd., 1974
  2. Poczy, K: "Pannonian Cities", in "The Archaeology of Roman Pannonia", eds. Radan, G.T.B. and A. Lengyel, p. 243. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1980.
  3. a b Mocsy, A: "Pannonia and Upper Moesia", fig. 59. Boston: Routledge and Kegan Paul Ltd., 1974
  4. Barkoczi, L: "History of Pannonia", in "The Archaeology of Roman Pannonia", eds. Radan, G.T.B. and A. Lengyel, p. 109. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1980.
  5. Geografia, Estrabão, VII 5.3
  6. Mocsy, A: "Pannonia and Upper Moesia", pp. 302-307. Boston: Routledge and Kegan Paul Ltd., 1974
  7. Salamon, A, and A. Cs. Sos: "Pannonia - Fifth to Ninth Centuries", in "The Archaeology of Roman Pannonia", eds. Radan, G.T.B. and A. Lengyel, p. 397. Budapest: Akademiai Kiado, 1980.
  8. Mocsy, A: "Pannonia and Upper Moesia", pp. 342-349. Boston: Routledge and Kegan Paul Ltd., 1974

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