Nacionalismo chinês

Bandeira da República da China (durante o controle da China continental de 1928-1949 e desde 1945 de Taiwan e ilhas menores), representando os nacionalistas chineses - especialmente os apoiadores do Kuomintang (KMT), que se opunham ao comunismo e a República Popular da China. Sendo a favor da República da China como o estado legítimo da China.
Bandeira da República Popular da China, representando os nacionalistas chineses que apoiavam a RPC.

Nacionalismo chinês (chinês tradicional: 中國民族主義, chinês simplificado: 中国民族主义, pinyin: Zhōngguó mínzúzhǔyì) é a forma de nacionalismo na China que afirma que o povo chinês é uma só nação, e promove a unidade cultural e nacional dos chineses.

Base ideológica

O nacionalismo chinês foi desenvolvido a partir de diversas fontes ideológicas incluindo o pensamento tradicional chinês, progressismo americano, marxismo[1] e o pensamento etnológico russo. A ideologia também se apresenta em muitas manifestações diferentes que às vezes são conflitantes, incluindo o ultra-imperialismo. Essas manifestações também incluem os Três Princípios do Povo, o Partido Comunista da China,[2][3] os pontos de vista antigovernamentais dos estudantes no Protesto na Praça da Paz Celestial em 1989, o fascismo da Sociedade dos Camisas Azuis e o colaboracionismo japonês sob liderança de Wang Jingwei.

Embora os nacionalistas chineses concordem sobre a conveniência de ter um Estado chinês centralizado, quase todas as outras questões discutidas tem sido objeto de debates intensos e acirrados. Entre as questões que os nacionalistas chineses discordam são as políticas que levariam a China a se tornar uma potência, qual seria a estruturação do Estado e seu objetivo, qual o relacionamento que a China deveria ter com as potências estrangeiras e como deveriam ser as relações entre o grupo étnico majoritário han, os grupos étnicos minoritários e os chineses estrangeiros.

A grande variação de como o nacionalismo chinês é expressado tem sido analisada pelo cientista politico Lucian Pye, argumentando que isso revela a fragilidade da identidade chinesa.[4] Contudo, outros analistas têm argumentado que a capacidade do nacionalismo chinês se expressar em diversas formas é um traço positivo que permite a ideologia transforma-se, sendo resposta a uma eventual crise interna ou eventos externos.

Embora as variações entre as concepções do nacionalismo chinês sejam grandes, grupos nacionalistas chineses mantêm algumas semelhanças, sendo a mais notável o ultra-imperialismo. Ideologias nacionalistas chinesas são todas altamente ligadas a Sun Yat-sen, e reivindicam ser os herdeiros ideológicos dos Três Princípios do Povo. Além disso, as ideologias nacionalistas chinesas tendem a considerar tanto a democracia quanto a ciência como pontos positivos, embora muitas vezes tenham noções radicalmente diferentes sobre o significado de democracia.

Consciência nacional

Existiu versões de um Estado chinês consciente de si por cerca de 4.000 anos, onde a concepção chinesa do mundo era, basicamente, a divisão do mundo civilizado e do mundo bárbaro, sendo que não se tinha consciência de que os interesses chineses tinham de ser assegurados pelo estado chinês. Autores como Lucian Pye têm argumentado que o moderno Estado-nação é fundamentalmente diferente de um império tradicional, entretanto, outros dizem que a atual dinâmica da República Popular da China - concentração de poder em uma autoridade central - compartilha semelhanças com os impérios de Ming e Qing.[4]

Houve apenas alguns poucos períodos da história da China em que existiu confronto direto com nações estrangeiras (sendo mais notáveis os mongóis, manchus e japoneses), enquanto a maioria dos conflitos foram em guerras civis que levaram a mudanças dinásticas. No entanto, as tentativas de "chinizar" povos estrangeiros ou "bárbaros" (como os vietnamitas e coreanos), que queriam manter uma identidade cultural separada, vinham acontecendo a milênios.

Ver também

Referências

  1. Oil, Qatar, China & The Global Conflict
  2. Louise Young, Japan’s Total Empire: Manchuria and the Culture of Wartime Imperialism (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998); Yoshihisa Tak Matsusaka, The Making of Japanese Manchuria, 1904-1932 (Cambridge: Harvard University Asia Center, 2001).
  3. In the mid-1940s, the Viet Minh, under Ho Chi Minh, looked to the West for help in its independence movement and got it.
  4. a b Pye, Lucian W. (1985). Asian power and politics: The cultural dimensions of authority [Potência asiática e política: As dimensões culturais da autoridade] (em inglês). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 184 páginas. ISBN 0-674-04979-9 

Bibliografia

  • Harumi Befu, Cultural Nationalism in East Asia: Representation and Identity (1993). Berkeley, Calif.: Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California.
  • Terence Billeter, L’empereur jaune: Une tradition politique chinoise (2005).
  • Maria Hsia Chang, Return of the Dragon: China's Wounded Nationalism, Westview Press (2001), paperback, 256 pp, ISBN 0-8133-3856-5
  • Kai-Wing Chow, "Narrating Nation, Race and National Culture: Imagining the Hanzu Identity in Modern China," in Chow Kai-Wing, Kevin M. Doak, and Poshek Fu, eds., Constructing nationhood in modern East Asia (2001). Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, pp. 47–84.
  • Peter Hays Gries, China's New Nationalism: Pride, Politics, and Diplomacy, University of California Press (January, 2004), hardcover, 224 pages, ISBN 0-520-23297-6
  • Prasenjit Duara, "De-constructing the Chinese Nation," in The Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs (July 1993, No. 30, pp. 1–26).
  • Prasenjit Duara, Rescuing History from the Nation Chicago und London: University of Chicago Press, 1995.
  • Fang Weigui [方維規]: Lun jindai sixiangshi shang de minzu, Nation yu Zhongguo [論近代思想史上的「民族」,「Nation」与中國], in: Ershiyi shiji [二十一世紀] (April 2002, Vol. 70, S. 33-43).
  • Fitzgerald, John: Awakening China - Politics, Culture and Class in the Nationalist Revolution (1996). Stanford/California: Stanford University Press.
  • Harrell, Paula: Sowing the Seeds of Change - Chinese Students, Japanese Teachers, 1895-1905 (1992). Stanford/California: Stanford University Press.
  • Hoston, Germaine A.: The State, Identity, and the National Question in China and Japan (1994). Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Judge, Joan: Talent, Virtue and Nation: Chinese Nationalism and Female Subjectivities in the Early Twentieth Century, in: The American Historical Review (Vol. 106, Nr. 3, Juni 2001, S. 765-803).
  • Karl, Rebecca E.: Staging the World - Chinese Nationalism at the Turn of the Twentieth Century (2002). Durham and London: Duke University Press.
  • Liu Qingfeng [劉青峰] (Hg.): Minzuzhuyi yu Zhongguo xiandaihua [民族主義與中國現代化] (1994). Hong Kong: The Chinese University of Hong Kong.
  • Leibold, James. Reconfiguring Chinese nationalism: How the Qing frontier and its indigenes became Chinese. New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2007.
  • Lust, John: The Su-pao Case: An Episode in the Early Chinese Nationalist Movement, in: Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, Vol. XXVII, Part 2, S. 408-429.
  • Schubert, Gunter: Chinas Kampf um die Nation - Dimensionen nationalistischen Denkens in der VR China, Taiwan und Hong Kong an der Jahrtausendwende (2002). Hamburg: Mitteilungen des Instituts für Asienkunde.
  • Shen Sung-Chiao [沈松僑] (a): Wo yi wo xue jian Xuanyuan - Huangdi shenhua yu wan Qing de guozu jiangou [我以我血薦軒轅─ 黃帝神話與晚清的國族建構], in: Taiwan shehui yanjiu jikan, Ausgabe 28, Dezember 1997, S. 1-77.
  • Shen Sung-Chiao (together with QIAN YONGXIANG [錢永祥]): Delimiting China: Discourses of 'Guomin' (國民) and the Construction of Chinese Nationality in Late Qing, paper presented at the Conference on Nationalism: The East Asia Experience, May 25–27, 1999, ISSP, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 20pp.(沈松僑/中研院近代史所助理研究員).
  • Sakamoto Hiroko [坂元ひろ子]: Chūgoku minzokushugi no shinwa: jinshu - shintai - jendā [中国民族主義の神話 : 人種・身体・ジェンダー] (2004). Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten.
  • Spakowski, Nicola: Helden, Monumente, Traditionen - Nationale Identität und historisches Bewußtsein in der VR China [Diss.] (1997). Hamburg: Lit-Verlag.
  • Tan, Alexander C.; Boyu Chen. "China's Competing and Co-opting Nationalisms: Implications to Sino-Japanese Relations." Pacific Focus (December 2013, Vol 28 No. 3, pp. 365–383).
  • Tonnesson, Stein; Antlov, Hans: Asian Forms of the Nation (1996). Richmond/Surrey: Curzon Press.
  • Unger, Jonathan (Hg.): Chinese Nationalism (1996). Armonk, New York und London, England: M.E. Sharpe.
  • Wang Gungwu: The Revival of Chinese Nationalism (1996). Leiden: International Institute for Asian Studies.
  • Harvard Asia Pacific Review, 2010. "Nations and Nationalism." Available at Issuu [1] ISSN 1522-1113
  • Chinese Nationalism and Its Future Prospects, Entrevista com Yingjie Guo (junho de 2012)
Ícone de esboço Este artigo sobre a China é um esboço. Você pode ajudar a Wikipédia expandindo-o.
Ícone de esboço Este artigo sobre política ou um(a) cientista político(a) é um esboço. Você pode ajudar a Wikipédia expandindo-o.

Read other articles:

Konklaf Maret 1513Lambang Kekosongan Takhta SuciTanggal dan lokasiMaret 1513Kapel Sistina, Istana Apostolik,Negara GerejaPejabat pentingProto-diakonGiovanni di Lorenzo de' MediciPaus terpilihGiovanni di Lorenzo de' Medici(Nama pilihan: Leo X)← Oktober 15031521–1522 → Konklaf 1513 memilih Giovanni de'Medici sebagai Paus Leo X untuk menggantikan Paus Julius II. Pencalonan Rafaele Riario – bersama dengan para pemilih Medici – merupakan pimpinan kandidat dalam konklaf tersebut...

 

Peta Lokasi Kota Dumai di Riau Berikut adalah Daftar kecamatan dan kelurahan di Kota Dumai, Provinsi Riau, Indonesia. Kota Dumai memiliki 7 kecamatan dan 36 kelurahan. Luas wilayahnya mencapai 1.623,38 km² dan jumlah penduduk 280.174 jiwa (2017) dengan sebaran 172 jiwa/km².[1][2][3] Daftar kecamatan dan kelurahan di Kota Dumai, adalah sebagai berikut: Kode Kemendagri Kecamatan Jumlah Kelurahan Daftar Kelurahan 14.72.03 Bukit Kapur 7 Bagan Besar Bukit Kayu Kapur Bukit...

 

Village in Massachusetts, United States Ellisville Harbor State Park Ellisville is a village in southeastern Plymouth, Massachusetts, United States. It is located on Cape Cod Bay, and is situated south of Vallerville and north of Cedarville. The neighborhoods within Ellisville include Harlow's Landing and Eastland Heights. Ellisville Harbor State Park, in the northern part of the village, has a natural harbor and beach. Ellisville is named after the original owner of the property, Lt. John El...

Television channel TRT TürkCountryTurkeyBroadcast areaWorldwideAffiliatesRadyo TürküHeadquartersKızılay Square, Çankaya, Kızılay, Ankara, TurkeyProgrammingLanguage(s)TurkishPicture format1080i HDTV (downscaled to 16:9 576i for the SDTV feed)OwnershipOwnerTRTSister channelsTRT 1 TRT 2 TRT 3 TRT World TRT Haber TRT Spor TRT Spor Yildiz TRT Avaz TRT Çocuk TRT Belgesel TRT Müzik TRT Arabi TRT Türk TRT Kurdî TRT 4K TRT EBA TV TBMM TVHistoryLaunched27 April 1992; 31 years a...

 

PleasantvilleSutradaraGary RossProduserGary RossJon KilikRobert J. DegusSteven SoderberghDitulis olehGary RossPemeranTobey MaguireJeff DanielsJoan AllenWilliam H. MacyJ. T. WalshDon KnottsReese WitherspoonPenata musikRandy NewmanSinematograferJohn LindleyPenyuntingWilliam GoldenbergPerusahaanproduksiLarger Than Life ProductionsDistributorNew Line CinemaTanggal rilis 23 Oktober 1998 (1998-10-23) Durasi124 menitNegaraAmerika SerikatBahasaInggrisAnggaran$ 60 jutaPendapatankotor$ 49.80...

 

Football league seasonCopa PerúSeason1982ChampionsAtlético TorinoTop goalscorerGarcía, Novoa, and Zambrano (3)← 1981 1983 → The 1982 Copa Perú season (Spanish: Copa Perú 1982), the promotion tournament of Peruvian football. In this tournament after many qualification rounds, each one of the 24 departments in which Peru is politically divided, qualify a team. Those teams plus de team relegated from First Division on the last year, enter in two more rounds and finally 6 of them qualify...

Termination of pregnancy in Texas, United States Abortion in Texas is illegal in most cases. There are exceptions to save the mother's life, or prevent substantial impairment of major bodily function, but the law on abortion in Texas is written in such an ambiguous way that it is unclear to physicians what health harms to the mother constitute an exception.[1] This has prompted expecting mothers with health complications to leave the state or forced them to give birth while jeopardizi...

 

1986 United States elections← 1984          1985          1986          1987          1988 → Midterm electionsElection dayNovember 4Incumbent presidentRonald Reagan (Republican)Next Congress100thSenate electionsOverall controlDemocratic gainSeats contested35 of 100 seats (34 Class 3 seats + 1 special election)Net seat changeDemocr...

 

Donald J. Trump for PresidentCampaignU.S. presidential election, 2016CandidateDonald TrumpAffiliationRepublican PartyStatusAnnounced: June 16, 2015 Presumptive nominee: May 4, 2016Official Nominee: July 19, 2016Headquarters725 Fifth AvenueManhattan, New YorkKey peoplePaul Manafort, campaign chairman Katrina Pierson, national spokesperson Hope Hicks, press secretary Michael Glassner, deputy campaign manager Daniel Scavino Jr., director of social media Ben Carson, VP Selection Committee L...

Cet article est une ébauche concernant l’astronautique et la science-fiction. Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (comment ?) selon les recommandations des projets correspondants. L'astroingénierie est, en astronautique, un domaine d'ingénierie visant l'intervention sur des objets célestes (astéroïdes, lunes, planètes, étoiles voire des galaxies entières). Ces procédés sont particulièrement présents en science-fiction, bien que cette discipline soit ...

 

Tailleur de pierreTailleur de pierre en train de tracer son bloc à l'aide d'une pointe et d'une règlePrésentationForme féminine Tailleuse de pierreSecteur Bâtiment, funéraireMétiers voisins Carrier, sculpteur, graveur, maçonCompétencesCompétences requises Pose, ravalement[1]CodesCITP 2452, 7122IDEO (France) 10021ROME (France) F1612modifier - modifier le code - modifier Wikidata Le tailleur de pierre est un professionnel du bâtiment, artisan ou compagnon (l'appellation ouvrier est r...

 

For the mosque of the same name in Aleppo, see Al-Adiliyah Mosque.Madrassah school in Damascus, SyriaAl-Adiliyah Madrasaالْمَدْرَسَة الْعَادِلِيَّةLocationDamascusSyriaInformationTypeMadrassahEstablished1215 CEFounderAl-Adil ICampusUrbanAffiliationIslamic Al-Adiliyah Madrasa (Arabic: الْمَدْرَسَة الْعَادِلِيَّة, romanized: al-Madrasah al-ʿĀdilīyah) is a 13th-century madrasah located in Damascus, Syria.[1] Modern day In 1919 C...

Artikel ini tidak memiliki referensi atau sumber tepercaya sehingga isinya tidak bisa dipastikan. Tolong bantu perbaiki artikel ini dengan menambahkan referensi yang layak. Tulisan tanpa sumber dapat dipertanyakan dan dihapus sewaktu-waktu.Cari sumber: Kawal, Gunung Kijang, Bintan – berita · surat kabar · buku · cendekiawan · JSTORKawalDesaNegara IndonesiaProvinsiKepulauan RiauKabupatenBintanKecamatanGunung KijangKode pos29153Kode Kemendagri21.01....

 

Municipality in State of Mexico, MexicoTemoayaMunicipalityMain plaza of TemoayaCoordinates: 19°28′07″N 99°35′36″W / 19.46861°N 99.59333°W / 19.46861; -99.59333Country MexicoStateState of MexicoMunicipal SeatTemoayaTown Founded1220Municipality Founded1820Government • Municipal PresidentC. Enrique Valdes GarciaElevation (of seat)2,670 m (8,760 ft)Population (2005) Municipality • Municipality77,714 ...

 

Chinese robes for scholars-officials evolving from an ancient robe ShenyiModern reproduction of a Confucian shenyi.Chinese nameChinese深衣Literal meaningDeep clothingTranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinShēnyīWade–GilesShên-iVietnamese nameVietnamese alphabetÁo thâm yHán-Nôm襖深衣Korean nameHangul심의Hanja深衣Literal meaningProfound gownTranscriptionsRevised RomanizationSimui Shenyi (Chinese: 深衣; pinyin: shēnyī; lit. 'deep clothing'; Korean:&#...

Canadian ice hockey coach Ice hockey player Jacques Martin Martin in 2013Born (1952-10-01) October 1, 1952 (age 71)Rockland, Ontario, CanadaCoached for St. Louis BluesOttawa SenatorsFlorida PanthersMontreal CanadiensCoaching career 1982–present Jacques Martin (born October 1, 1952) is a Canadian professional ice hockey coach. In the National Hockey League (NHL), he has served as head coach of the St. Louis Blues, Ottawa Senators, Montreal Canadiens and Florida Panthers. Martin also...

 

Afrikaans kampioenschap voetbal 2010 Toernooi-informatie Gastland  Angola Organisator CAF Editie 27e Datum 10 januari – 31 januari 2010 Teams 15 (van 1 confederatie) Stadions 4 (in 4 gaststeden) Winnaar  Egypte (7e titel) Toernooistatistieken Wedstrijden 29 Doelpunten 71  (2,45 per wedstrijd) Toeschouwers 543.500  (18.741 per wedstrijd) Topscorer(s) Gedo (5 goals) Beste speler Ahmed Hassan Navigatie Vorige     Volgende Portaal    Voetbal De...

 

Brazilian singer and composer (1921–2018) Dona Ivone LaraBackground informationBirth nameYvonne Lara da CostaBorn(1921-04-13)April 13, 1921Rio de Janeiro, BrazilDiedApril 16, 2018(2018-04-16) (aged 96)Rio de Janeiro, BrazilGenresSambaOccupation(s)Singer, composer, nursingInstrument(s)vocalsYears active1970–2018Website[1]Musical artist Yvonne Lara da Costa OMC (April 13, 1922[note 1] – April 16, 2018),[1] better known as Dona Ivone Lara, was a Brazilian singer and co...

Zachary Taylor Following is a list of all Article III United States federal judges appointed by President Zachary Taylor during his presidency.[1] In total Taylor appointed 4 Article III federal judges, all to the United States district courts. Taylor shared the appointment of Henry Boyce with Millard Fillmore. Taylor recess appointed Boyce and later nominated him. However, the United States Senate did not confirm Boyce until after Taylor's death and Boyce received his commission fro...

 

Military history arm of the United States Marine Corps United States Marine Corps History DivisionThe progenitor to the modern Eagle, Globe, and Anchor, this insignia was first used by Marines in 1804.[1] Seen today on uniform buttons, it also serves as the History Division's unofficial logo.Active8 September 1919CountryUnited StatesBranchUnited States Marine CorpsTypeHistoricalHQMarine Corps Base QuanticoCommandersDirectorDr. Edward T. Nevgloski[2]Military unit The United Sta...