Império Chola

 Nota: "Xola" redireciona para este artigo. Para a estação metroviária mexicana, veja Estação Xola.
Império Chola

Dinastia Chola medieval • Cholas • Xolas • சோழப் பேரரசு
300 a.C. — 1279 
→

Mapa do Império Chola e dos territórios sob a sua influência c. 1030 d.C.
Região Sul da Índia
Capitais

  • Pazaiarai
  • Tanjavur
  • Gangaiconda Cholapuram

    • Países atuais Índia, Maldivas, Sri Lanka
    Língua oficial tâmil
    Religião hinduísmo, sobretudo xivaísmo
    Forma de governo monarquia
    Rei ou imperador
    • c. 850—870  Vijaialaia Chola
    (1.º do império medieval)
    • 1246–1279  Rajendra Chola III
    (último)
    Período histórico Idade Média
    • c. 300 a.C.–300 d.C.  Primeiras dinastia Chola
    • 300 a.C.  Fundação
    • c. 1030  Apogeu
    • 1070  Império Chola Tardio
    • 1279  Anexação pelo Império Pandia

    O Império Chola ou dinastia Chola (em tâmil: சோழப் பேரரசு) foi um império indiano que existiu nos séculos IX e XII.[<span title="Este texto apresenta informação contraditória : na infocaixa lê-se que no século II a.C. já existia.">contraditório] Tâmil, seu centro de poder localizava-se no sul do subcontinente.[1] Seu ápice ocorreu entre os séculos X e XII, quando controlou um território que incluía o sul do subcontinente, as ilhas Maldivas e parte do Ceilão, chegando em certo momento até o rio Ganges, ao norte, e ao arquipélago malaio, além de certos locais ao longo do golfo de Bengala. Enquanto os cholas dominavam o sul, ao norte três reinos disputavam a supremacia: o Império Pratiara, no atual Rajastão, o Império Pala, nos atuais Biar e Bengala, e o Império Rastracuta, no Decão.

    A dinastia teve origem no vale fértil do rio Kaveri. Karikala Chola foi o mais famoso entre os reis do período inicial da dinastia Chola, enquanto Rajaraja Chola, Rajendra Chola e Kulothunga Chola se tornaram imperadores famosos no período medieval. A dinastia Chola atingiu o auge durante os séculos X e XII. Sob governo de Rajaraja Chola I (Rajaraja, o Grande) e do seu filho Rajendra Chola, a dinastia conseguiu um grande desenvolvimento militar, económico e cultural na Ásia. O território expandiu-se das ilhas Maldivas no sul até aos limites do rio Ganges, no norte de Bengala. Rajaraja Chola conquistou o sul da Índia, anexou partes do Sri Lanka e ocupou as Maldivas. Rajendra Chola também fez incursões contra os reinos localizados no arquipélago malaio. O poder da dinastia Chola diminuiu em torno do século XIV com o surgimento dos Pandias e dos Hoysalas.

    Os Cholas deixaram para trás uma herança que hoje se reflete na região. A proteção que era dada à literatura e o seu zelo na construção dos templos levaram à criação de grandes obras de arquitetura e ao desenvolvimento da poesia tamil. Os reis de Chola eram ávidos construtores e a presença de templos em seus reinos não só obedeceu a lugares de culto, mas também a centros de atividade económica, beneficiando a comunidade em geral. Começaram uma forma centralizada de governo e estabeleceram uma burocracia disciplinada.

    Ver também

    Referências

    1. ↑ David Shulman (2016). Tamil. [S.l.]: Harvard University Press. p. 150. ISBN 978-0-674-97465-4. One thing, however, is certain: the Cholas were happy to use Tamil as an official state language, along with Sanskrit... 
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