Homúnculo

 Nota: Se procura por outros significados de Homunculus, veja Homunculus (desambiguação).

O conceito de homúnculo (do latim homunculus, "homenzinho", plural homunculi) tem sido aplicado em várias áreas do conhecimento humano.

O homúnculo na alquimia

O Elixir Vermelho enquanto pequeno Rei na retorta

A alquimia possuía três objetivos, o primeiro é transmutar metais menos valiosos em ouro, o segundo fabricar o Elixir da Longa Vida e o terceiro é a criação de vida humana artificial a partir de materiais inanimados (um clone humano na acepção moderna), os homúnculos. Não se pode duvidar da influência que a tradição judaica teve neste aspecto, pois na cabala existe a possibilidade de dar vida a um ser artificial, o Golem.

O conceito do homúnculo parece ter sido usado pela primeira vez pelo alquimista Paracelso para designar uma criatura que tinha cerca de 12 polegadas de altura e que, segundo ele, poderia ser criada por meio de sémen humano posto em uma retorta hermeticamente fechada e aquecida em esterco de cavalo durante 40 dias. Então, segundo ele, se formaria o embrião. Outro alquimista que tentou criar homúnculos foi Johanned Konrad Dippel, que utilizava técnicas como fecundar ovos de galinha com sêmen humano e tapar o orifício com sangue de menstruação.

No entanto, também é possível que o homúnculo seja uma alegoria, uma interpretação muito literal das imagens alegóricas alquímicas respeitantes à criação, pela arte, de novas entidades minerais, sejam elas objetivos finais ou intermédios. Essas imagens comportam, muitas vezes, a representação de um ser emblemático, humano, animal ou quimérico, numa retorta.

O homúnculo na biologia

Um homúnculo dentro do espermatozoide

Em 1677 Leeuwenhoek e Luiz Hamm[1] viram pela primeira vez um espermatozoide e pensaram que ele tinha uma miniatura de humano dentro (homúnculo) que se desenvolvia quando depositado nos órgãos sexuais femininos: o espermatozoide seria a semente, o óvulo (feminino) o terreno de plantação.[carece de fontes?]

Na verdade Leeuwenhoek e Hamm devem ter visto as organelas do espermatozoide, como se o acromossomo fosse a cabeça e o corpo o núcleo, e realmente até que parece uma miniatura de ser humano, apesar de não ser[carece de fontes?].

O padre italiano Lazzaro Spallanzani provou em 1775 que eram necessários um espermatozoide e um óvulo para haver reprodução humana (na natureza) na qual o esperma era o fator fecundante, deitando por terra as teorias dos animalculistas.

O homúnculo na neuroanatomia

Um homúnculo

Na psicologia o homúnculo é a representação diagramática proporcional do corpo animal em relação às partes destes, representadas no córtex somestésico e motor.

Nesta representação, a área neural correspondente a cada porção corpórea. Assim como a face tem uma maior quantidade de nervos e consequentemente de corpos de neurônios, o desenho terá uma imensa face, com um tronco pequeno, braços grandes com mãos enormes, pernas pequenas com pés médios.

Homúnculo sensitivo: área somestésica, localizada no giro pós-central.

Homúnculo motor: área motora, localizada no giro pré-central.

Ver também

Notas e referências

  1. ↑ Introdução à história natural

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