Espaço paracompacto

Em matemática, em especial na análise funcional e topologia, um espaço paracompacto é um espaço topológico no qual toda cobertura aberta admite um refinamento localmente finito.

Conceitos preliminares

Definição 1: Um refinamento de uma cobertura de um espaço X é uma nova cobertura do mesmo espaço tal que cada conjunto da nova cobertura é um subconjunto de algum elemento da antiga cobertura. Simbolicamente, a cobertura é um refinamento da cobertura se, e somente se, para qualquer , existe algum tal que está contido em .

Definição 2: Uma cobertura aberta de um espaço topológico é localmente finita se todo ponto do espaço admite uma vizinhança aberta que intersecta apenas um número finito de elementos da cobertura. Simbolicamente, é localmente finito se, e somente se, , existe uma vizinhança de tal que o conjunto:

é finito.

O conceito de paracompacidade é uma das mais úteis generalizações de compacidade descobertas nos últimos anos. É particularmente útil para aplicações em topologia e geometria diferencial.

Muitos espaços que nos são familiares já são paracompactos. Por exemplo, todo espaço compacto é paracompacto; isto é consequência imediata da definição. Também é verdadeiro que espaços metrizáveis são paracompactos; este teorema se deve a Arthur Harold Stone. Logo, a classe dos espaços paracompactos inclui importantes classes de espaços topológicos.

Para poder observar como a paracompacidade generaliza o conceito de compacidade, recordamos a definição de compacidade:

"Um espaço é dito compacto se toda cobertura aberta de X, admite uma subcobertura finita"

Um modo equivalente de dizer isto é:

"Um espaço é compacto se toda cobertura aberta tem um refinamento finito que cobre "

Esta definição é equivalente à usual: dado um refinamento , pode-se escolher, para cada elemento de um elemento de que o contém; deste modo obtemos uma subcoleção finita de que cobre .

Esta nova formulação de compacidade é, talvez, embaraçosa, mas nos sugere um modo de generalizar:

Definição: Um espaço topológico é paracompacto se toda cobertura aberta de admite um refinamento localmente finito que cobre .

Exemplo: O espaço com a topologia induzida pela métrica, é paracompacto. Seja . Seja uma cobertura aberta de . Seja, ainda, , e para cada inteiro positivo , seja a bola aberta de raio centrada na origem. Dado , escolha um número finito de elementos de que cubra e intersecte cada uma com o conjunto aberto ; denote esta coleção finita de conjuntos abertos por . Então a coleção é um refinamento de . É claro que este refinamento é localmente finito, pois o aberto intersecta apenas um número finito de elementos de , a saber aqueles que pertencem à coleção . Finalmente, cobre , pois dado , seja o menor inteiro tal que .

Comparação com compacidade

A paracompacidade é semelhante à compacidade nos seguintes aspectos:

  • Todo subconjunto fechado de um conjunto paracompacto é paracompacto;
  • Todo conjunto paracompacto de um espaço de Hausdorff é normal.

A paracompacidade é diferente da compacidade nos seguintes aspectos:

  • Um subconjunto paracompacto de um espaço de Hausdorff não precisa, necessariamente, ser fechado. de fato, para o caso de espaços métricos, qualquer subconjunto é paracompacto.
  • O produto cartesiano de espaços paracompactos não é, necessariamente, paracompacto. com a topologia do limite inferior, o plano de Sogenfrey, é um exemplo clássico disto.

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