Escrita 'phags-pa

Escrita ’phags-pa
Falado(a) em: Império mongol
Região: atuais China e Mongólia
Total de falantes: escrita extinta
Família: (Devanagari, escrita brami , Gupta)
 escrita tibetana
  Escrita ’phags-pa
Códigos de língua
ISO 639-1: --
ISO 639-2: ---

A escrita ’phags-pa (ou phags-pa ou phagspa, chamada muitas vezes de escrita quadrada) foi um alfasilabário criado pelo lama tibetano Drogön Chögyal Phagpa para o imperador Kublai Khan da dinastia Yuan na China nos anos 1270, como escrita unificada para todas as línguas do Império mongol. Veio a cair em desuso quando o império mongol caiu diante da dinastia Ming em 1368. Importante documentação sobre sua utilização proveu aos lingüistas modernos várias informações quanto às mudanças ocorridas a partir das línguas chinesas e outras línguas da Ásia desse período.

a palavra "Wiki" em caracteres ’phags-pas
Comparação entre a escrita ’phags-pa e o alfabeto hangul.
Escrita ’phags pa
Édito de Yesün Temür Khan, Imperador Taiding de Yuan (1328).

Escritas

Supõe-se que a escrita Hangul seja derivada da ’phags pa. As línguas que já a usaram foram o Sânscrito, o Tibetano, o Mongol e o Chinês.

São 41 letras, das quais 7 são símbolos separados para vogais, 2 para semivogais (“nossos” W e Y) e 32 consoantes com vogal inerente. Há três estilos básicos, o Padrão, aquele para Sinetes e o Tibetano.

Na codificação para uso eletrônico pela norma Unicode a partir da versão 5.0[1] essa escrita tem os códigos U+A840 atéU+A877 para as 56 letras ’phags-pa.

História

A Escrita mongol, cuja base é a escrita Uigur, serviu razoavelmente à língua mongol, sendo, porém, difícil de ser estendida a outras línguas de fonologia diversa daquelas das línguas chinesas. Desse modo, Kublai Khan da dinastia Yuan (~1269), Kublai Khan solicitou que Phagpa desenvolvesse uma nova escrita que servisse a todas línguas faladas em seu império. Phagpa (cujo nome veio a denominar a nova escrita) partiu de sua escrita natal, a tibetana (derivada da escrita brami e da Gupta) para criar uma para as línguas chinesas e o mongol. As 38 letras concebidas foram conhecidas por nomes diversos, “escrita quadrada”, por sua forma, mas hoje são conhecidas com alfabeto « ’phags-pa ».

Apesar de suas origens, a escrita se apresentava na vertical, de cima para baixo, como as escritas mongóis precedentes. Esse alfabeto não foi amplamente aceito e deixou de ser usado ao fim da dinastia Yuan em 1368. Foi, porém, usado como um alfabeto para os mongóis aprenderem a fonética da língua chinesa. Linguístas como Gari Ledyard acreditam que esse silabário tenha sido uma das fontes da escrita hangul.

Referências

  1. ↑ Unicode 5.0

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