Depressão de consanguinidade

Exemplo de depressão de consanguinidade. Um variante recessivo torna-se mais frequente por cruzamento de indivíduos aparentados.

A endogamia é dado pelo cruzamento de organismos com algum grau de parentesco. A endogamia nunca será igual a zero, pois como sabemos de acordo com a teoria da coalescência, todos os indivíduos (principalmente de uma mesma espécie) estão ligados a um ancestral comum, ou seja, compartilham alelos semelhantes.

Depressão por endogamia é quando uma determinada população sofre algum tipo de redução (impacto em seu fitness biológico) pois há um aumento na chance de alelos recessivos deletérios se propagarem, conforme a imagem ao lado. Outro fator que pode acontecer é a sobredominância de alelos heterozigóticos, levando uma redução no fitness de alelos homozigóticos vindos dessa população gerada por endocruzamento, mesmo não sendo deletérios, podem prejudicar a população. Esse quadro pode ser qualificado pela diminuição de indivíduos sobreviventes ao parto, e às condições de vida no meio, que levam em conta competição intra e interespecífica, resistência imunológica e vários outros fatores.

Depressão por consaguinidade está presente na maioria dos organismos, porém possuem menor impacto em populações com maior variabilidade genética e maior impacto em populações de organismos hermafroditas (plantas, por exemplo).

A seleção natural muitas vezes foi responsável pela remoção de alelos deletérios em populações, mas nem sempre foi eficaz devido ao surgimento de novas mutações a todo o tempo, além disso, há uma maior dificuldade da seleção natural agir nesse sentido em populações que endocruzam a todo o tempo.

Em humanos, a endogamia não é tão frequente quanto em animais por, principalmente, questões éticas. Porém, dependendo de algumas culturas e se analisarmos o que se passava há alguns anos, por exemplo, a endogamia acontecia com frequência, ajudando a propagar várias doenças genéticas na população humana. (exemplo: casos de hemofilia na família real).

Um dos principais fatores para ocorrer a endogamia é o “efeito de gargalo”, onde uma população sofre uma brusca redução ou é impedida de se reproduzir, sendo assim, a única saída para reprodução é o endocruzamento, gerando a depressão da cosanguinidade, se a população for pequena e não tiver uma grande variedade genética.[1][2]


Referências

  1. Simon, Gustavo André; Scapim, Carlos Alberto; Pacheco, Cleso Antônio Patto; Pinto, Ronald José Barth; Braccini, Alessandro de Lucca e; Tonet, Aelton (2004). «Depressão por endogamia em populações de milho-pipoca». Bragantia. 63 (1): 55–62. ISSN 0006-8705. doi:10.1590/S0006-87052004000100006 
  2. Cardoso, Antonio Ismael Inácio (abril de 2004). «Depressão por endogamia após quatro gerações sucessivas de autopolinização em abóbora». Scientia Agricola. 61 (2): 224–227. ISSN 0103-9016. doi:10.1590/S0103-90162004000200016 
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