Revolusi Nikaragua

Revolusi Nikaragua
Bagian dari Krisis Amerika Tengah dan Perang Dingin
Tanggal1961–1990 (29 tahun)
LokasiNikaragua
Hasil

Kemenangan militer FSLN pada 1979

Pihak terlibat

Nikaragua Pemerintahan Somoza


Contras (1981–90)
Didukung oleh:
 Amerika Serikat
 Israel
 Arab Saudi[1][2][3]
 Honduras
 Chili (sejak 1973)[4]
Brasil Brasil
 Paraguay
 Argentina (1961–83)
 Panama[5]
 Jerman Barat
 Pakistan
 Filipina
Iran Negara Kekaisaran Iran (sampai 1979)
Iran Republik Islam Iran (tidak langsung, sejak 1979)[6]

FSLN

Didukung oleh:
Libya[7]
 Uni Soviet
 China
 Kuba[8]
 Bulgaria[9]
Rumania Romania (sampai 1989)
 Cekoslowakia (sampai 1989)
 Polandia (sampai 1989)[7][10]
 Meksiko[11]
Irak Irak
 Jerman Timur (sampai 1989)
 Chili (19701973)
Tokoh dan pemimpin
Nikaragua Anastasio Somoza Debayle
Nikaragua Enrique Bermúdez
Daniel Ortega
Carlos Fonseca (1959–1976) 
Humberto Ortega
Joaquin Cuadra
Tomás Borge
Edén Pastora (1961–81)
Korban

(1978–79) 10.000 total tewas[12]

(1981–89) 10.000–43.000 total tewas, perkiraan terbaik menggunakan informasi pertempuran paling detail adalah 30.000 tewas.[12]

Revolusi Nikaragua (bahasa Spanyol: Revolución Nicaragüense atau Revolución Popular Sandinista) meliputi munculnya oposisi terhadap kediktatoran Somoza pada 1960-an dan 1970-an, kampanye yang dipimpin oleh Front Pembebasan Nasional Sandinista (FSLN) untuk menggulingkan kediktatoran dengan kekerasan pada 1978-79, upaya selanjutnya dari FSLN untuk memerintah Nikaragua selama periode 1979-1990,[13] dan Perang Contra yang terjadi antara pemerintahan Nikaragua pimpinan FSLN dan Contras yang didukung oleh Amerika Serikat pada 1981-1990.

Revolusi ini menandai periode penting di sejarah Nikaragua dan terungkap bahwa negara ini menjadi salah satu medan perang perang proksi dari Perang Dingin, sehingga perstiwa di sana menjadi perhatian dunia.

Permulaan penggulingan rezim Somoza pada 1978-1979 adala peristiwa berdarah, dan Perang Contra pada 1980-an merenggut nyawa puluhan ribu orang Nikaragua dan menjadi bahan perdebatan internasional yang sengit. Selama 1980-an, baik FSLN (kumpulan partai politik kiri) dan Contras (kumpulan kelompok kontra revolusioner sayap kanan) menerima sejumlah besar bantuan dari negara adikuasa Perang Dingin (masing-masing Uni Soviet dan Amerika Serikat).

Perang Contra berakhir setelah penandatanganan Kesepakatan Tela pada 1989 dan demobilisasi pasukan FSLN dan Contra.[14] Dalam pemilihan umum kedua pada 1990 partai anti-Sandinista meraih suara mayoritas dan FSLN menyerahkan kekuasaan.

Lihat pula

Catatan dan referensi

  1. ^ "CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy". Diakses tanggal 10 April 2015. 
  2. ^ "Reagan Says Saudi Talked Of Contra Aid". tribunedigital-chicagotribune. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2015-05-02. Diakses tanggal 10 April 2015. 
  3. ^ "Saudi Arabia and the Reagan Doctrine - Middle East Research and Information Project". Diakses tanggal 10 April 2015. 
  4. ^ "The Pinochet File". Diakses tanggal 10 April 2015. 
  5. ^ "The Contras, Cocaine, and Covert Operations". Diakses tanggal 10 April 2015. 
  6. ^ "Understanding the Iran-Contra Affairs". www.brown.edu. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2017-06-08. Diakses tanggal 2017-04-09. 
  7. ^ a b http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_157.shtmlid=VyqOhCUb66AC&pg=PA21&lpg=PA21&dq=cuba+assistance+fsln&source=bl&ots=p-09UO4MB4&sig=BOTkmO7QFTQBR0ljjXX01NZ_Nac&hl=en&ei=jzkdSv7zKYPR-AavjMTDCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3
  8. ^ "The Soviet Union and Revolutionary Warfare: Principles, Practices, and ..." Diakses tanggal 10 April 2015. 
  9. ^ Report of the Congressional Committees Investigating the Iran/Contra Affair, 1995. Page 27.
  10. ^ "The Soviet Union and Revolutionary Warfare: Principles, Practices, and..." Diakses tanggal 10 April 2015. 
  11. ^ "Mexico's Support of the Sandinista Revolution". Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo. 
  12. ^ a b Lacina, Bethany. "The PRIO Battle Deaths Dataset, 1946-2008, Version 3.0: Documentation of Coding Decisions" (PDF). International Peace Research Institute, Oslo. Diakses tanggal 5 August 2013. [pranala nonaktif permanen]
  13. ^ Louis Proyect, Nicaragua, discusses, among other things, the reforms and the degree to which socialism was intended or achieved.
  14. ^ Uppsala Conflict Data Program Conflict Encyclopedia, Nicaragua, State-based conflict, Peace efforts, http://www.ucdp.uu.se/gpdatabase/gpcountry.php?id=117&regionSelect=4-Central_Americas# Diarsipkan 2016-03-31 di Wayback Machine.

Bibliografi

  • Emily L Andrews, Active Marianismo: Women's social and political action in Nicaraguan Christian base communities and the Sandinista revolution. [1] Grinnell College research project, 1997. Diakses November 2009.
  • Enrique Bermudez (with Michael Johns), "The Contras' Valley Forge: How I View the Nicaragua Crisis", Policy Review magazine, Summer 1988.
  • David Close, Salvador Marti Puig & Shelley McConnell (2010) "The Sandinistas and Nicaragua, 1979-2009" NY: Lynne Rienner.
  • Dodson, Michael, and Laura Nuzzi O'Shaughnessy (1990). Nicaragua's Other Revolution: Religious Faith and Political Struggle. Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press. xii, 279 p. ISBN 0-8078-4266-4
  • Schmidli, William Michael, "'The Most Sophisticated Intervention We Have Seen': The Carter Administration and the Nicaraguan Crisis, 1978–1979," Diplomacy and Statecraft, (2012) 23#1 pp 66–86.

Sumber primer

  • Katherine Hoyt, Memories of the 1979 Final Offensive, Nicanet, Diakses November 2009. This is a first-hand account from Metagalpa; also contains some information on the general situation. Has photograph showing considerable damage to Metagalpa. [2]
  • Salvador Martí Puig "Nicaragua. La revolución enredada" Lirbos de la Catarata: Madrid.
  • Oleg Ignatiev, "The Storm of Tiscapa", in Borovik and Ignatiev, The Agony of a Dictatorsip. Progress Publishers, 1979; English translation, 1980.

Bacaan lebih lanjut

  • Meiselas, Susan. Nicaragua: June 1978-July 1979. Pantheon Books (New York City), 1981. First Edition.
  • "Nicaragua: A People Aflame." GEO (Volume 1 charter issue), 1979.
  • Teixera, Ib. "Nicarágua: A Norte de um pais." Manchete (Rio de Janeiro). 7 Juli 1979.

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