Batalha de Marraquexe (1515)

Batalha de Marraquexe (1515)
Conflitos luso–marroquinos

Bab el Khemis em Marraquexe, perto da qual se deram os combates entre os Portugueses e a guarnição da cidade.
Data 23 April 1515
Local Marraquexe, Marrocos
Desfecho Vitória marroquina
Beligerantes
Portugal Portugal Emirado de Marraquexe
Comandantes
Nuno Fernandes de Ataíde
  • Dom Pedro de Sousa
  • Yahya ben Tafuft
  • Xeque de Abido
  • Xeque da Garabia
  • Xeque Cide Meimam
Emir Nasr ibn Chentaf al-Hintati[1]
Forças
500 cavaleiros Portugueses
2400 cavaleiros Berberes
Desconhecido
Baixas
10 ou 12 berberes mortos.[2] Desconhecido


A Batalha de Marraquexe deu-se em 1515, quando o capitão de Safim Nuno Fernandes de Ataíde levou a cabo uma razia (um raide) até às portas de Marraquexe, na esperança de obrigar o seu governante Hintata a aceitar a suserania portuguesa.[3]

É tida como a mais ousada façanha da carreira de Nuno Fernandes.

A batalha

Os portugueses tomaram Azamor em 1513 e ergueram uma nova fortaleza em Mazagão (al-Jadida) em 1514. De Safim e Azamor, os portugueses cultivaram a aliança de tribos clientes árabes e berberes locais na região circundante, destacando-se um certo poderoso xeque Yahya ben Tafuft que chefiava os chamados mouros de pazes. Os portugueses e o seus aliados despachavam colunas armadas para o interior, subjugando a região de Duquela, e logo alcançaram Marraquexe.[4]

Em 1514, os portugueses e seus aliados sob o comando do almocadém de Safim David Lopes levaram a cabo uma razia aos arrabaldes de Marraquexe, alguns auxiliares berberes conseguiram chegar às muralhas da cidade, cravaram as suas lanças nas portas e gritaram:

Nasir ibn Chentaf, o governante Hintata da cidade, viu-se forçado a aceitar tornar-se um vassalo da Coroa Portuguesa e autorizar os portugueses a construír uma fortaleza em Marraquexe.[5] No entanto, o emir não cumpriu este acordo, pelo que no ano seguinte os portugueses e os seus aliados mouros regressaram à frente de um forte exército, com o objectivo de tomar diretamente a cidade.

Ataíde arregimentou um exército de cerca de 3000 homens, composto maioritariamente por auxiliares berberes.[3] Incluía 200 lanceiros sob o comando do capitão de Azamor Dom Pedro de Sousa, 300 lanceiros sob o comando de Ataíde, 600 lanceiros comandados pelo xeque de Abida, 800 pelo xeque Cide Meimam da Xérquia e 1000 pelo xeque de Garabia . [6]

Os portugueses partiram de Azamor e Safim a 22 de abril. Alcançaram as margens do rio Tenerife dois dias depois. Em 24 de Abril de 1515, envolveram-se em combate com os defensores de Marraquexe, perto dos portões de Bab el-Khemis e Bab ad-Debbagh, localizados no lado nordeste das Muralhas.[carece de fontes?] O governante Hintata de Marraquexe era apoiado pelos Oatácidas e Sádidas[7]

Ataíde comandava o centro, os xeques de Abida e Xerquia a ala esquerda, o xeque de Garabia a direita. [6] Da luta resultaram mortos e feridos de ambos os lados, tendo os portugueses retirado ao fim de quatro horas para evitar verem-se totalmente rodeados pela grande quantidade de defensores da cidade.

A retirada durou mais dois dias, porém, não foi pacífica porque a retaguarda portuguesa foi perseguida pelos marroquinos.[carece de fontes?]

Situação política em Marrocos no séc. XVI.

Ver também

Referências

  1. Weston F. Cook: The Hundred Years War For Morocco: Gunpowder And The Military Revolution In The Early Modern Muslim World, Avalon Publishing, 1994, p.148
  2. Damião de Góis: Chronica d'el-rei D. Manuel, volume VIII, 1911, p.104.
  3. a b Susana Ferreira, The Crown, the Court and the Casa Da Índia: Political Centralization in Portugal 1479-1521, p. 146
  4. Julien (1931: p.201-02); Levtzion (1977: p.398), Rogerson (2009: p.205ff). For a survey of operations from the Portuguese point of view, see Paiva Manso (1872: vol.1 (p.xvff.)
  5. Cenival (1913-36: p.302; 2007: p.326-7)
  6. a b Jerónimo Osório: Da Vida e Feitos d'El Rei D. Manoel, Officina de Impressão Régia, 1806, pp.112-114.
  7. محمد زرهوني, العلاقات بين السلطة والسكان بمنطقة طرفي الأطلس الكبير الغربي في أعوام الستين من القرن التاسع عشر (1280/1863-1290/1873), p. 92

Bibliografia

  • Cenival, Pierre de (1913-36) "Marrakush" em T. Houtsma, editor, A Enciclopédia do Islã: um dicionário de geografia, etnogropia e biografia dos povos maometanos. Reimpresso em 1987 como EJ Brill's Encyclopedia of Islam, Leiden: EJ Brill., vol.5 p.296-306
  • Cenival Pierre de (2007) "Marrakesh", nova edição do artigo de 1913-36, em CE Bosworth, editor, Cidades Históricas do Mundo Islâmico, Leiden: Brill p.319-32.

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