Alvéolo pulmonar

 Nota: "Alvéolo" redireciona para este artigo. Se procura a cavidade do osso da maxila e mandíbula onde se alojam os dentes, veja Alvéolo dentário.
Bronquíolos e alvéolos pulmonares

Os alvéolos pulmonares são estruturas de pequena dimensão, localizadas no final dos bronquíolos, onde se realiza a troca gasosa.[1] O conjunto desses alvéolos existente em cada extremidade dos bronquíolos é denominado saco alveolar.[1]

São cavidades diminutas que se encontram formando os pulmões nas paredes dos vasos menores e dos sacos aéreos. Por fora dos alvéolos há redes de capilares sanguíneos, derivadas dos vasos sanguíneos da pequena circulação. As paredes alveolares são muito finas e são compostas por uma camada única de células epiteliares planas, os pneumócito tipo I. As moléculas de oxigênio e de dióxido de carbono difundem com facilidade por essas células, dos alvéolos para os capilares e vice-versa. Nesse epitélio também se encontram células de formato cúbico , os pneumócitos tipo II, que secretam o surfactante pulmonar. Essa substância reduz a tensão superficial dos líquidos pulmonares, que podem oferecer resistência considerável à expansão alveolar.[sem fontes]

A hematose pulmonar, ou troca gasosa ocorre durante a respiração orgânica do ser vivo e é o processo onde o oxigénio é conduzido até os alvéolos no pulmão, passa para a corrente sanguínea para ser conduzido pelas hemácias e futuramente entrar nas células e ocasionar a respiração aeróbia na presença da glicose. Na hematose também ocorre o processo de eliminação do dióxido de carbono, produzido pela combustão combinada da glicose com o oxigénio, como resultado da respiração celular.

O corpo humano é projetado para trabalhar ao nível do mar, por isto em voos de aeronaves a altitudes acima de 8 500 metros, devido à pressão atmosférica se ir reduzindo conforme a altitude, o ar começa a ficar muito rarefeito, então é necessário pressurizar a cabine da aeronave de maneira a se garantir uma coluna de pressão suficiente para que estes alvéolos pulmonares possam absorver o oxigénio do ar.

Cada alvéolo recebe ramificações de um bronquíolo. Nos alvéolos realizam-se as trocas gasosas entre o meio ambiente (o ar) e o organismo (através do sangue), graças à membrana muito fina que os reveste e abriga inúmeros vasos sanguíneos bem finos, os capilares.

Nos alvéolos pulmonares ocorre a hematose pulmonar, na qual o alvéolo fornece oxigénio da respiração ao sangue e o sangue expele dióxido de carbono, vapor da água e outros gases tóxicos, que mais tarde será expelida, na expiração.

Referências

  1. ↑ a b Standring, Susan,. Gray's anatomy : the anatomical basis of clinical practice Forty-first edition ed. [Philadelphia]: [s.n.] ISBN 9780702052309. OCLC 920806541 
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