Óleo de cozinha

Óleo de cozinha
Receitas: Óleo de cozinha   Multimédia: Óleo de cozinha

O óleo de cozinha é uma gordura vegetal, animal ou sintética culinária usada na fritura, panificação e cozedura. Também é usado na preparação de alimentos e aromatizantes que não envolvem calor, como molhos para salada e molhos para pão, e pode ser chamado de óleo comestível.

O óleo de cozinha é normalmente um líquido em temperatura ambiente, embora alguns óleos que contêm gordura saturada, como óleo de coco, óleo de palma e óleo de palmiste, sejam sólidos.[1]

Existe uma grande variedade de óleos de cozinha de fontes vegetais, como azeite, óleo de palma, óleo de soja, óleo de canola (óleo de colza), óleo de milho, óleo de amendoim e outros óleos vegetais, bem como óleos de origem animal como manteiga e banha.

O óleo pode ser aromatizado com alimentos aromáticos, como ervas, pimenta ou alho.

Saúde e nutrição

Embora o consumo de pequenas quantidades de gorduras saturadas seja comum nas dietas,[2] metanálises encontraram uma correlação significativa entre o alto consumo de gorduras saturadas e a concentração de LDL no sangue,[3] um fator de risco para doenças cardiovasculares.[4] Outras metanálises baseadas em estudos de coorte e em ensaios controlados e randomizados encontraram um efeito positivo[5] ou neutro[6] do consumo de gorduras poli-insaturadas em vez de gorduras saturadas (risco 10% menor para reposição de 5%).[6]

A Mayo Clinic destacou certos óleos que são ricos em gorduras saturadas, incluindo coco, óleo de palma e óleo de palmiste. Aqueles com menor quantidade de gorduras saturadas e níveis mais elevados de gorduras insaturadas (de preferência monoinsaturadas) como azeite, óleo de amendoim, óleo de canola, de soja e óleos de semente de algodão são geralmente mais saudáveis.[7] O Instituto Nacional do Coração, Pulmão e Sangue dos EUA [8] pediu que as gorduras saturadas sejam substituídas por gorduras poli-insaturadas e monoinsaturadas, listando os óleos de oliva e canola como fontes de óleos monoinsaturados mais saudáveis, enquanto os óleos de soja e girassol são boas fontes de gorduras poli-insaturadas. Um estudo mostrou que o consumo de óleos insaturados não hidrogenados, como soja e girassol, é preferível ao consumo de óleo de palma para diminuir o risco de doenças cardíacas.[9]

O óleo de caju e outros óleos à base de nozes podem representar um perigo para pessoas com alergia a frutos secos.

Galeria

Óleos de cozinha em
uma prateleira na China.
Azeite. Óleo de
cozinha
usado sendo
reciclado
.
Óleo de semente
de girassol
.

Gorduras trans

Ver artigo principal: Gordura trans

Ao contrário de outras gorduras dietéticas, as gorduras trans não são essenciais e não promovem uma boa saúde.[10] O consumo de gorduras trans aumenta o risco de doença coronariana,[11] aumentando os níveis de colesterol LDL "ruim" e diminuindo os níveis de colesterol HDL "bom".[12] As gorduras trans de óleos parcialmente hidrogenados são mais prejudiciais do que os óleos naturais.[13]

Vários grandes estudos[14][15][16][17] indicam uma ligação entre o consumo de grandes quantidades de gordura trans e doenças cardíacas coronárias e, possivelmente, algumas outras doenças. A Food and Drug Administration (FDA) dos Estados Unidos, o National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute e a American Heart Association (AHA) recomendaram limitar a ingestão de gorduras trans. Nos Estados Unidos, as gorduras trans não são mais "geralmente reconhecidas como seguras" e não podem ser adicionadas aos alimentos, incluindo óleos de cozinha, sem permissão especial.[18]

Referências

  1. «Dietary fats explained». Consultado em 5 de agosto de 2018 
  2. Hamasaki H, Abe S, Tada N, Sako A, Yanai H, Katsuyama H (2015). «Effects of Dietary Fat Intake on HDL Metabolism». J Clin Med Res. 7: 145–9. PMC 4285059Acessível livremente. PMID 25584098. doi:10.14740/jocmr2030w 
  3. Clarke, R; Frost, C; Collins, R; Appleby, P; Peto, R (1997). «Dietary lipids and blood cholesterol: quantitative meta-analysis of metabolic ward studies». BMJ. 314: 112–7. PMC 2125600Acessível livremente. PMID 9006469. doi:10.1136/bmj.314.7074.112 
  4. Mensink, RP; Zock, PL; Kester, AD; Katan, MB (2003). «Effects of dietary fatty acids and carbohydrates on the ratio of serum total to HDL cholesterol and on serum lipids and apolipoproteins: a meta-analysis of 60 controlled trials». Am J Clin Nutr. 77: 1146–55. PMID 12716665. doi:10.1093/ajcn/77.5.1146 
  5. Jakobsen, M. U; O'Reilly, E. J; Heitmann, B. L; Pereira, M. A; Balter, K.; Fraser, G. E; Goldbourt, U.; Hallmans, G.; et al. (2009). «Major types of dietary fat and risk of coronary heart disease: a pooled analysis of 11 cohort studies». American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 89: 1425–32. PMC 2676998Acessível livremente. PMID 19211817. doi:10.3945/ajcn.2008.27124 
  6. a b Katan, Martijn B.; Mozaffarian, Dariush; Micha, Renata; Wallace, Sarah (2010). «Effects on Coronary Heart Disease of Increasing Polyunsaturated Fat in Place of Saturated Fat: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials». PLOS Medicine. 7: e1000252. PMC 2843598Acessível livremente. PMID 20351774. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000252 
  7. «Dietary fats: Know which types to choose». Mayo Clinic Staff. 2015 
  8. «Choose foods low in saturated fat». National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), NIH Publication No. 97-4064. 1997. Consultado em 28 de setembro de 2009. Cópia arquivada em 13 de dezembro de 2009 
  9. Kabagambe, EK; Baylin, A; Ascherio, A; Campos, H (novembro de 2005). «The Type of Oil Used for Cooking Is Associated with the Risk of Nonfatal Acute Myocardial Infarction in Costa Rica» 135 ed. Journal of Nutrition. 135: 2674–2679. PMID 16251629. doi:10.1093/jn/135.11.2674 
  10. Food and nutrition board, institute of medicine of the national academies (2005). Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids (Macronutrients). National Academies Press. [S.l.: s.n.] ISBN 978-0-309-08537-3 
  11. Food and nutrition board, institute of medicine of the national academies (2005). Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids (Macronutrients). National Academies Press. [S.l.: s.n.] ISBN 978-0-309-08537-3 [ligação inativa] 
  12. «Trans fat: Avoid this cholesterol double whammy». Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MFMER). Consultado em 10 de dezembro de 2007 
  13. Mozaffarian, Dariush; Katan, Martijn B.; Ascherio, Alberto; Stampfer, Meir J.; Willett, Walter C. (2006). «Trans Fatty Acids and Cardiovascular Disease». New England Journal of Medicine. 354: 1601–113. PMID 16611951. doi:10.1056/NEJMra054035 
  14. Willett, WC; Stampfer, MJ; Manson, JE; Colditz, GA; Speizer, FE; Rosner, BA; Sampson, LA; Hennekens, CH (1993). «Intake of trans fatty acids and risk of coronary heart disease among women». Lancet. 341: 581–5. PMID 8094827. doi:10.1016/0140-6736(93)90350-P 
  15. Hu, Frank B.; Stampfer, Meir J.; Manson, Joann E.; Rimm, Eric; Colditz, Graham A.; Rosner, Bernard A.; Hennekens, Charles H.; Willett, Walter C. (1997). «Dietary Fat Intake and the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in Women». New England Journal of Medicine. 337: 1491–9. PMID 9366580. doi:10.1056/NEJM199711203372102 
  16. Hayakawa, Kyoko; Linko, Yu-Yen; Linko, Pekka (2000). «The role of trans fatty acids in human nutrition». Starch - Stärke. 52: 229–35. doi:10.1002/1521-379X(200007)52:6/7<229::AID-STAR229>3.0.CO;2-G 
  17. The Nurses' Health Study (NHS)
  18. «Final Determination Regarding Partially Hydrogenated Oils (Removing Trans Fat)». Consultado em 29 de março de 2019 

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