Ácido malônico

Ácido malônico
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Nome IUPAC Ácido propanodióico
Outros nomes Ácido metanodicarboxílico
Identificadores
Número CAS 141-82-2
PubChem 867
SMILES
Propriedades
Fórmula molecular C3H4O4
Massa molar 104,03 g/mol
Densidade 1,619 g/cm3, Sólido
Ponto de fusão

135-136°C (408-409 K)

Ponto de ebulição

Se decompõe

Solubilidade em água 763 g/L [1]
Acidez (pKa) pka1 = 2.8
<pka2 = 5.7[1]
Riscos associados
MSDS External MSDS
Compostos relacionados
Ácidos dicarboxílicos relacionados Ácido oxálico (C2)
Ácido succínico (C4)
Página de dados suplementares
Estrutura e propriedades n, εr, etc.
Dados termodinâmicos Phase behaviour
Solid, liquid, gas
Dados espectrais UV, IV, RMN, EM
Exceto onde denotado, os dados referem-se a
materiais sob condições normais de temperatura e pressão

Referências e avisos gerais sobre esta caixa.
Alerta sobre risco à saúde.

O ácido malônico é um ácido orgânico, pertencente ao grupo dos ácidos dicarboxílicos. Não deve ser confundido com o ácido málico, que apresenta estrutura e propriedades físico-químicas diferentes.

Os sais do ácido malônico são chamados malonatos e os ésteres são chamados de ésteres malônicos.

Bioquímica

Na síntese mitocondrial de ácidos gordos (mtFASII), o ácido malónico constitui o substrato inicial, que é convertido em malonil-CoA pelo membro da família 3 da acil-CoA sintetase (ACSF3) na primeira etapa da mtFASII.[2][3]

Um de seus derivados, o malonil-CoA é um dos precursores da biossíntese dos ácidos graxos.
Existe naturalmente como cristais brancos. O acido malônico é um exemplo de inibidor competitivo, inibindo a succinato desidrogenase no ciclo de Krebs.

Síntese

O método clássico de síntese é com o precursor ácido cloroacético:[4]

Sintese do ácido malónico por meio do ácido cloroacético.

O carbonato de sódio forma um sal de sódio que reage com o cianeto de sódio formando um cianoacetato por meio de uma substituição nucleofílica. O grupo nitrila pode ser hidrolisado com hidróxido de sódio resultando em um malonato de sódio, que por acidificação forma um ácido malônico.

Industrialmente o ácido malonico é produzido pela hidrólise de malonato de dimetila ou malonato de dietila.[5]

O ácido malonico também pode ser obtido por fermentação de glicose com o uso de bactérias geneticamente modificadas[6][7].

Patologia

Se níveis elevados de ácido malónico forem acompanhados por níveis elevados de ácido metilmalónico, isto pode indicar a doença metabólica acidúria combinada malónica e metilmalónica (CMAMMA). Ao calcular a relação entre o ácido malónico e o ácido metilmalónico no plasma sanguíneo, o CMAMMA pode ser distinguido da acidemia metilmalónica clássica.[8]

Ver também

Referências

  1. a b ECHA; Search for Chemicals. Malonic Acid (141-82-2) Registered Substances Dossier. European Chemical Agency. Available from, as of July 16, 2018: http://echa.europa.eu/
  2. Witkowski, Andrzej; Thweatt, Jennifer; Smith, Stuart (setembro de 2011). «Mammalian ACSF3 Protein Is a Malonyl-CoA Synthetase That Supplies the Chain Extender Units for Mitochondrial Fatty Acid Synthesis». Journal of Biological Chemistry (em inglês) (39): 33729–33736. PMC 3190830Acessível livremente. PMID 21846720. doi:10.1074/jbc.M111.291591 
  3. Bowman, Caitlyn E.; Rodriguez, Susana; Selen Alpergin, Ebru S.; Acoba, Michelle G.; Zhao, Liang; Hartung, Thomas; Claypool, Steven M.; Watkins, Paul A.; Wolfgang, Michael J. (junho de 2017). «The Mammalian Malonyl-CoA Synthetase ACSF3 Is Required for Mitochondrial Protein Malonylation and Metabolic Efficiency». Cell Chemical Biology (em inglês) (6): 673–684.e4. PMC 5482780Acessível livremente. PMID 28479296. doi:10.1016/j.chembiol.2017.04.009 
  4. Organic Syntheses, Coll. Vol. 2, p.376 (1943); Vol. 18, p.50 (1938).Artigo em inglês
  5. Production of malonic acid, consultado em 11 de dezembro de 2015 
  6. Recombinant host cells for the production of malonate. PCT/US2013/029441 2012.
  7. Peters, Emily P.; Schlakman, Gabrielle J.; and Yang, Elise N., "Production of Malonic Acid through the Fermentation of Glucose" (2018). Senior Design Reports (CBE). 107 Artigo em inglês
  8. de Sain-van der Velden, Monique G. M.; van der Ham, Maria; Jans, Judith J.; Visser, Gepke; Prinsen, Hubertus C. M. T.; Verhoeven-Duif, Nanda M.; van Gassen, Koen L. I.; van Hasselt, Peter M. (2016). Morava, Eva; Baumgartner, Matthias; Patterson, Marc; Rahman, Shamima; Zschocke, Johannes; Peters, Verena, eds. «A New Approach for Fast Metabolic Diagnostics in CMAMMA». Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg: 15–22. ISBN 978-3-662-53680-3. PMC 5110436Acessível livremente. PMID 26915364. doi:10.1007/8904_2016_531 
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