Fórmula química

Fórmula química é uma representação gráfica de um composto químico e representa o número e o tipo de átomos que constituem uma molécula. É o modo abreviado para representar as reações químicas por símbolos químicos.

Formula molecular

A fórmula química sendo uma representação de um composto químico pode nos fornecer algumas informações sobre a substância e o que ela representa. Por exemplo a fórmula da água H2O.[1] Nesta fórmula aparecem letras e número. As letras representam os elementos químicos que se unem para formar a molécula de água.

O número subscrito é chamado de índice e indica a quantidade de átomos do elemento presente em cada molécula. No exemplo da molécula de água, H2O, significa que cada molécula de água é constituída por 2 átomos de hidrogénio e 1 átomo de oxigênio.[2]

É interessante notar que o número 1 é omitido. Com estudo mais aprofundado sobre Química, a fórmula também nos diz o tipo de ligação química que ocorre entre os átomos formadores da substância, a que tipo de função química a substância pertence. 

                              (H2O)

Fórmula eletrônica

A fórmula eletrônica também conhecida como fórmula eletrônica de Lewis em homenagem ao químico norte-americano Gilbert N. Lewis (1875-1946). Graficamente os elétrons da última camada do átomo são representados por pontos (∙) ou “x” ao redor do símbolo do elemento químico. Exemplo: Os elétrons da última camada, camada de valência, do oxigênio foram representados por (∙) e do hidrogênio por (x). Na fórmula eletrônica, deve-se separar os dois componentes, e uni-los no desenho pelos elétrons que eles estão compartilhando.[3] 

                             H= 1}4{ OH [ nH2 ] n - H + H = 00,H2O

Fórmula estrutural plana

Na fórmula estrutural plana os pares de elétrons que estabelecem a ligação química são representados por traços (─). Exemplo: Os elétrons que não estabelecem a ligação química não precisam ser representados.

Na fórmula estrutural também chamada de fórmula de Couper, em homenagem ao químico escocês Archibald Scott Couper (1831-1892), deve-se retirar os pontos e colocar "traços".[4] 



                              |
                           H- C -H
                              |
                              H

Mas pode haver ligações PI, e isso significa que pode estar acontecendo uma ligação dupla ou tripla.

Ver também

Referências

  1. ↑ Alves, Líria. «Fórmulas químicas». R7. Brasil Escola. Consultado em 29 de março de 2014 
  2. ↑ Grande enciclopédia portuguesa e brasileira: Ilustrada com eêrca de 15.000 gravuras e 400 estampas a côres, Volume 29. Editorial Enciclopédia, 195?. pp. 41.
  3. ↑ «Fórmula eletrônica de Lewis». Brasil Escola. Consultado em 21 de setembro de 2016 
  4. ↑ Pedro Coelho. «Fórmula química: molecular, eletrônica e estrutural plana.». ENGQUIMICASANTOSSP. Consultado em 21 de setembro de 2016 
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