Inclusivus

Inclusivus a exclusivus

Inclusivus („my” inkluzywne) – forma językowa pierwszej osoby liczby mnogiej, odpowiadająca polskiemu „my” z uwzględnieniem odbiorcy (słuchacza) – ja (lub my) wraz z tobą.

Forma ta powszechnie występuje w językach austronezyjskich, czasem również w językach papuaskich (przede wszystkim tych, które znalazły się pod wpływem austronezyjskim)[1]. Spotykana jest też w językach indiańskich, austroazjatyckich oraz w językach grupy tungusko-mandżurskiej i w językach nama. Ma ona charakter recesywny (wymierający)[2].

Przykłady

Język Inclusivus Exclusivus
amis[3] [k]ita [k]ami
czeczeński[4] вай (vay) тхо (txo)
keczua[5] ñuqanchik ñuqayku
malajski[6] kita kami
odżibwa[2] kīnuwi nīnuwi
sahu[7] ngene ngomi
tok pisin[8] yumi mipela
wietnamski[9] chúng ta chúng tôi

Zobacz też

Przypisy

  1. ↑ Klamer, Reesink i van Staden 2008 ↓, s. 108, 114–115.
  2. ↑ a b Milewski 2004 ↓, s. 172.
  3. ↑ Donohue i Smith 1998 ↓, s. 67.
  4. ↑ Gieorgij Andriejewicz Klimow, Michaił Jegorowicz Aleksiejew, Tipołogija kawkazskich jazykow, Moskwa: Nauka, 1980, s. 271, OCLC 7008082 (ros.).
  5. ↑ Anne Lambright, Andean Truths: Transitional Justice, Ethnicity, and Cultural Production in Post-shining Path Peru, Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2015 (Liverpool Latin American studies 14), s. 167, DOI: 10.5949/liverpool/9781781382516.001.0001, ISBN 978-1-78138-251-6, ISBN 978-1-78138-437-4, ISBN 978-1-78694-547-1, OCLC 932594670, JSTOR: j.ctt1gpcbmx (ang.).
  6. ↑ Donohue i Smith 1998 ↓, s. 68.
  7. ↑ Leontine E. Visser, Clemens L. Voorhoeve: Sahu-Indonesian-English dictionary and Sahu grammar sketch. Dordrecht: Foris Publications, 1987, s. 39, seria: Verhandelingen van het Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 126. DOI: 10.1163/9789004487574. ISBN 978-90-04-48757-4. ISBN 90-6765-222-9. OCLC 17209362. (ang.).
  8. ↑ John W.M. Verhaar, Toward a Reference Grammar of Tok Pisin: An Experiment in Corpus Linguistics, Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press, 1995 (Oceanic Linguistics Special Publication 26), s. 354, ISBN 0-8248-1672-2, OCLC 32051403, JSTOR: 20006762 [dostęp 2023-02-11] (ang.).
  9. ↑ Bac Hoai Tran, Courtney Norris: Vietnamese-English, English-Vietnamese Dictionary & Phrasebook. New York: Hippocrene Books, 2004, s. 19. ISBN 0-7818-0991-6. OCLC 55055396. [dostęp 2023-05-07]. (ang.).

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