This template is used on many pages and changes may be widely noticed. Test changes in the template's /sandbox or /testcases subpages, or in your own user subpage. Consider discussing changes on the talk page before implementing them.
This template is used by the standard installation of AutoWikiBrowser (AWB). If you are planning to make changes to this template, how it should be used, or nominate it for deletion, please notify AWB's user base and maintainers beforehand at Wikipedia talk:AWB as a courtesy.
This Citation Style 1 template is used to create citations for web sources that are not characterized by another CS1 template. Do not use this template in the "External links" section of articles.
Usage
Copy a blank version to use. Almost all parameter names are supported only in lower case (some initialisms, such as |isbn= have upper-case aliases like |ISBN=, which are acceptable for use). Use the "|" (pipe) character between each parameter. Unused parameters may be deleted to avoid clutter in the edit window. Some samples on this documentation page may include the current date. If the date is not current, then purge the page.
Most commonly used parameters in horizontal format
Before 2014, editors had to decide whether to use {{cite web}} or {{cite news}} based on their features. In 2014, most of the differences between the two templates were eliminated.
As of 29 July 2016, {{cite web}} and {{cite news}} have the following differences:
{{cite news}} can be used for offline (paper) sources whereas {{cite web}} generates a missing URL error when no URL is provided
{{cite web
|url=https://www.example.org/
|title=My Favorite Things, Part II
|last=Doe
|first=John
|publisher=Open Publishing
|date=April 30, 2005
|website=Encyclopedia of Things
|access-date=5 ਸਤੰਬਰ 2025}}
Doe, John (April 30, 2005). "My Favorite Things, Part II". Encyclopedia of Things. Open Publishing. Retrieved 5 ਸਤੰਬਰ 2025.
{{cite web
|url=https://www.example.org/
|title=My Favorite Things, Part II
|last=Doe
|first=John
|date=30 April 2005
|website=Encyclopedia of Things
|access-date=5 ਸਤੰਬਰ 2025}}
{{cite web
|url=https://operations.nfl.com/the-rules/nfl-rules-digest/
|title=NFL Rules Digest
|website=NFL Football Operations
|publisher=[[National Football League]]
|access-date=5 ਸਤੰਬਰ 2025}}
When this template detects a link whose URL includes an extension of ".pdf" or ".PDF", typical of PDF files, it automatically displays a PDF icon after the link (regardless of whether the link goes to a PDF file or to an HTML landing page, typical of paysites). It also internally acts as if |format=PDF had been specified, which displays " (PDF)" after the icon. (In this case, an explicit |format=PDF parameter would be redundant, so it is not recommended to add it. Users may remove it. Citation bot, when invoked, will remove it. (ref))
{{cite web
|url=https://www.indiapost.gov.in/Pdf/Customs/List_of_Psychotropic_Substances.pdf
|title=List of psychotropic substances under international control
|publisher=International Narcotics Control Board
|access-date=5 ਸਤੰਬਰ 2025}}
If the link is to a PDF file that is not automatically recognizable by its extension, this template does not display the PDF icon. You may add the parameter |format=PDF, which displays " (PDF)" after the link (but no PDF icon).
{{cite web
|url=https://www.sample.com/somePDFdocument.000
|title=Some PDF Document
|publisher=Sample Int'l
|format=PDF
|access-date=5 ਸਤੰਬਰ 2025}}
For links to files in other formats, no icon is displayed. For example, for an .odt file, you may add the parameter |format=ODT, which displays " (ODT)" after the link.
{{cite web
|url=https://www.example.org/
|title=Honi soit qui mal y pense
|last=Joliet
|first=François
|date=30 April 2005
|access-date=5 ਸਤੰਬਰ 2025
|language=fr
|trans-title=Shame on those who think evil of it}}
Joliet, François (30 April 2005). "Honi soit qui mal y pense" [Shame on those who think evil of it] (in ਫਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ). Retrieved 5 ਸਤੰਬਰ 2025.
Using author-link
{{cite web
|url=https://www.example.org/
|title=My Favorite Things, Part II
|last=Doe
|first=John
|author-link=John Doe
|publisher=Open Publishing
|date=April 30, 2005
|website=Encyclopedia of Things
|access-date=5 ਸਤੰਬਰ 2025}}
{{cite web
|url=https://www.example.org/
|title=Our Favourite Things
|last1=Doe
|first1=John
|last2=Smith
|first2=Peter
|last3=Smythe
|first3=Jim
|publisher=Open Publishing
|date=30 April 2005
|website=Encyclopaedia of Things
|access-date=5 ਸਤੰਬਰ 2025}}
Doe, John; Smith, Peter; Smythe, Jim (30 April 2005). "Our Favourite Things". Encyclopaedia of Things. Open Publishing. Retrieved 5 ਸਤੰਬਰ 2025.
No author
{{cite web
|url=https://www.example.org/
|title=Index of Sharp Things
|publisher=Open Publishing
|date=2005-04-30
|website=Encyclopedia of Things
|access-date=5 ਸਤੰਬਰ 2025}}
"Index of Sharp Things". Encyclopedia of Things. Open Publishing. 2005-04-30. Retrieved 5 ਸਤੰਬਰ 2025.
No author, no publisher
{{cite web
|url=https://www.example.org/
|title=Index of Sharp Things
|date=30 April 2005
|website=Encyclopedia of Things
|access-date=5 ਸਤੰਬਰ 2025}}
{{cite web
|url=https://www.incb.org/pdf/e/list/green.pdf
|title=List of psychotropic substances under international control
|date=2005-04-30
|access-date=5 ਸਤੰਬਰ 2025
|language=el}}
Using "archive-url" and "archive-date" (and optionally "url-status") for webpages that have been archived
By default, if "archive-url" is used, the parameter |url-status=dead is assumed and the resulting main link is to the archived version:
{{cite web
|url=http://www.incb.org/pdf/e/list/green.pdf
|title=List of psychotropic substances under international control
|date=2005-04-30
|publisher=International Narcotics Control Board
|access-date=5 ਸਤੰਬਰ 2025
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050907150136/http://www.incb.org/pdf/e/list/green.pdf
|archive-date=2005-09-07}}
When |url-status=live is specified, the resulting main link is to the original page:
{{cite web
|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/dc-entertainment-give-classic-batman-824572
|title=DC Entertainment To Give Classic Batman Writer Credit in 'Gotham' and 'Batman v Superman' (Exclusive)
|website=The Hollywood Reporter
|date=September 18, 2015
|access-date=September 21, 2015
|url-status=live
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151022181821/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/dc-entertainment-give-classic-batman-824572
|archive-date=October 22, 2015}}
{{cite web
|url=https://www.webexhibits.org/daylightsaving/c.html
|title=Daylight saving time: rationale and original idea
|website=WebExhibits
|date=2008
|access-date=5 ਸਤੰਬਰ 2025
|quote=... Lord Balfour came forward with a unique concern: 'Supposing some unfortunate lady was confined with twins ...'}}
"Daylight saving time: rationale and original idea". WebExhibits. 2008. Retrieved 5 ਸਤੰਬਰ 2025. ... Lord Balfour came forward with a unique concern: 'Supposing some unfortunate lady was confined with twins ...'
Parameters
Syntax
Nested parameters rely on their parent parameters:
parent
OR: parent2—may be used instead of parent
child—may be used with parent (and is ignored if parent is not used)
OR: child2—may be used instead of child (and is ignored if parent2 is not used)
Where aliases are listed, only one of the parameters may be defined; if multiple aliased parameters are defined, then only one will show.
By default, sets of fields are terminated with a period (.).
COinS
This template embeds COinS metadata in the HTML output, allowing reference management software to retrieve bibliographic metadata. Error: no text specified (help). As a general rule, only one data item per parameter. Do not include explanatory or alternate text:
use |date=27 September 2007 not |date=27 September 2007 (print version 25 September)
Use of templates within the citation template is discouraged because many of these templates will add extraneous HTML or CSS that will be included raw in the metadata. Also, HTML entities, for example , –, etc., should not be used in parameters that contribute to the metadata.
COinS metadata is created for these parameters
Note: This table of metadata is displayed in the documentation of all Citation Style 1 templates. Not all of these parameters are supported by every CS1 template. Some of these parameters are mutually exclusive, some are aliases of another parameter, and some require other parameters to be present. A full list of this template's supported parameters, their aliases, and their dependencies is shown in the Usage section near the top of this documentation page.
last: Surname of a single author. Do not wikilink—use author-link instead. For corporate authors or authors for whom only one name is listed by the source, use last or one of its aliases (e.g. |author=Bono). Aliases: surname, author, last1, surname1, author1.
author: this parameter is used to hold the complete name of a single author (first and last) or to hold the name of a corporate author. This parameter should never hold the names of more than one author.
first: Given or first names of author; for example: Firstname Middlename or Firstname M. or Firstname M. Sr. Do not wikilink—use author-link instead. Aliases: given, first1, given1. Requires last; first name will not display if last is empty. Use generational and regnal suffixes only in accordance with and use honorifics only in accordance with .
OR: for multiple authors, use last1, first1 through lastn, firstn, where n is any consecutive number for an unlimited number of authors (each firstn requires a corresponding lastn, but not the other way around). Error: no text specified (help). Aliases: surname1, given1 through surnamen, givenn, or author1 through authorn. For an individual author plus an institutional author, you can use |first1=...|last1=...|author2=....
author-link: Title of existing Wikipedia article about the author—not the author's website; do not wikilink. Aliases: author-link1, author1-link, authorlink.
OR: for multiple authors, use author-link1 through author-linkn. Aliases: author1-link through authorn-link.
name-list-style: accepts a limited list of keywords as value; when set to amp, ampersand, or &, inserts an ampersand between the last two names in a name list; when set to and, inserts the conjunction 'and' between the last two names of a name list; when set to vancdisplays name lists in Vancouver style when the lists use the last/first forms of name parameters.
vauthors: comma-separated list of author names in Vancouver style; enclose corporate or institutional author names in doubled parentheses. End with etal if appropriate:
|vauthors=Smythe JB, ((Megabux Corp.)), etal
author-link and author-mask may be used for the individual names in |vauthors= as described above
authors: Free-form list of author names; use of this parameter is discouraged because it does not contribute to a citation's metadata; not an alias of last.
translator-last: Surname of translator. Do not wikilink—use translator-link instead. Aliases: translator-surname, translator1, translator1-last, translator-last1.
translator-first: Given or first names of translator. Do not wikilink—use translator-link instead. Aliases: translator-given, translator1-first, translator-first1.
OR: for multiple translators, use translator-last1, translator-first1 through translator-lastn, translator-firstn, where n is any consecutive number for an unlimited number of translators (each translator-firstn requires a corresponding translator-lastn, but not the other way around). Aliases: translator1-last, translator1-first through translatorn-last, translatorn-first, or translator1 through translatorn.
translator-link: Title of existing Wikipedia article about the translator—not the translator's website; do not wikilink. Aliases: translator-link1, translator1-link.
OR: for multiple translators, use translator-link1 through translator-linkn. Aliases: translator1-link through translatorn-link.
collaboration: Name of a group of authors or collaborators; requires author, last, or vauthors listing one or more primary authors; follows author name-list; appends "et al." to author name-list.
others: To record other contributors to the work, including illustrators. For the parameter value, write Illustrated by John Smith.
Note: When using shortened footnotes or parenthetical referencing styles with templates, do not use multiple names in one field, or else the anchor will not match the inline link.
title: Title of source page on website. Displays in quotes. If script-title is defined, use title to hold a Romanization (if available) of the title in script-title.
script-title: Original title for languages that do not use a Latin-based script (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, etc); follows Romanization defined in title (if present). Must be prefixed with one of the supported language codes to help browsers properly display the script:
trans-title: English translation of the title if the source cited is in a foreign language. Displays in square brackets after title; trans-title is included in the link. Use of the language parameter is recommended.
Titles containing certain characters will display and link incorrectly unless those characters are encoded.
This parameter is required and will generate an error if not defined. On errors, main, help and template pages are placed into Category:Articles with incorrect citation syntax. Set |no-tracking=true to disable categorization; mainly used for documentation where the error is demonstrated.
website: Title of website (when the website has a clear name, use that rather than the domain name); may be wikilinked. Displays in italics. Aliases: work
type: Provides additional information about the media type of the source. May alternatively be used to identify the type of manuscript linked to in the title, if this is not the final version of a manuscript (e.g. if a preprint of a manuscript is freely available, but the version of record is behind a paywall). Format in sentence case. Displays in parentheses following the title. The reserved keyword none can be used to disable the display of a type. Examples: Thesis, Booklet, Accepted manuscript, CD liner, Press release. Alias: medium.
language: The language (or a comma-separated list of the languages) in which the source is written, as either the ISO 639 language code (preferred) or the full language name. Examples: |language=ru; |lang=fr, pt-br; |lang=Russian; |language=French, Portuguese. See the list of supported codes and names. Do not use templates or wikilinks. Displays in parentheses with "in" before the language name or names. When the only source language is English, no language is displayed in the citation. The use of languages recognized by the citation module adds the page to the appropriate subcategory of ਸ਼੍ਰੇਣੀ:CS1 foreign language sources. Because cs1|2 templates are often copied from en.wiki to other wikis, the use of language codes is preferred so that language names render in the correct language and form: espagnol at a French-language wiki instead of the English word "Spanish". Aliases: lang
Date
date: Date of referenced source. Can be full date (day, month, and year) or partial date (month and year, season and year, or year). Use same format as other publication dates in the citations.[date 1] Required when year is used to disambiguate {{sfn}} links to multiple-work citations by the same author in the same year.[more] Do not wikilink. Displays after the authors and is enclosed in parentheses. If there is no author, then displays after the website and publisher. Error: no text specified (help).
For approximate year, precede with "c. ", like this: |date=c. 1900.
For no date, or "undated", use |date=n.d.
The date of a Web page, PDF, etc. with no visible date can sometimes be established by searching the page source or document code for a created or updated date; a comment for editors such as date=2021-12-25<!--date from page source-->|orig-date=Original date 2011-01-01 can be added.
Automatic date formatting: Citation Style 1 and 2 templates, including this template, automatically render dates in all date parameters (such as |date=, |publication-date=, |access-date=, |archive-date=, etc.) except for |orig-date= in the style specified by the article's {{use dmy dates}} or {{use mdy dates}} template. See those templates' documentation for details.
year: Year of source being referenced. The usage of this parameter is discouraged; use the more flexible |date= parameter instead unless both of the following conditions are met:
orig-date: Original publication date or year; displays in square brackets after the date (or year). For clarity, please supply specifics. For example: |orig-date=First published 1859 or |orig-date=Composed 1904. As |orig-date= does not support automatic date formatting, use the same date format as defined by |df= (or, if it exists in the article, by |cs1-dates= of a {{use dmy dates}} or {{use mdy dates}} template), or as used in the |date= parameter. Alias: orig-year
df: date format; sets rendered dates to the specified format; does not support date ranges or seasonal dates; overrides the automatic date formatting described above. Accepts one value which may be one of these:
dmy – set publication dates to day month year format; access- and archive-dates are not modified;
mdy – as above for month day, year format
ymd – as above for year initial numeric format YYYY-MM-DD
dmy-all – set publication, access-, and archive-dates to day month year format;
mdy-all – as above for month day, year format
ymd-all – as above for year initial numeric format YYYY-MM-DD
↑Publication dates in references within an article should all have the same format. This may be a different format from that used for archive and access dates. Error: no text specified (help).
Website
work (required by {{cite journal}} and {{cite magazine}}): Name of the work containing the source; may be wikilinked if relevant. Displays in italics. If the name of the periodical changed over time use the name at the time of the source's publication. If script-work is defined, use work to hold a Romanization (if available) of the title in script-work. Aliases: journal, newspaper, magazine, periodical, website. Use Latin script. For languages written in non-Latin based scripts (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Indic, Japanese, Korean, etc.) use a standard Romanization in this field.
script-work: Work title in its original, non-Latin script; not italicized, follows italicized Romanization defined in work (if present). Must be prefixed with one of the supported language codes to help browsers properly display the script. Leave empty for Latin-based scripts (Czech, French, Turkish, Vietnamese, etc.). Aliases: script-journal, script-newspaper, script-magazine, script-periodical, script-website.
trans-work: English translation of the work title if the source cited is in a foreign language. Displays in square brackets after work or script-work. Aliases: trans-journal, trans-newspaper, trans-magazine, trans-periodical, trans-website.
When set, work changes the formatting of other parameters in the same citation:
title is not italicized and is enclosed in quotes.
chapter does not display (and will produce an error message).
Publisher
publisher: Name of publisher; may be wikilinked if relevant. The publisher is the company, organization or other legal entity that publishes the work being cited. Do not use the publisher parameter for the name of a work (e.g. a website, book, encyclopedia, newspaper, magazine, journal, etc.). If the name of the publisher changed over time, use the name as stated in the publication or used at the time of the source's publication. Corporate designations such as "Ltd", "Inc.", or "GmbH" are not usually included. Not normally used for periodicals. Omit where the publisher's name is substantially the same as the name of the work (for example, The New York Times Co. publishes The New York Times newspaper, so there is no reason to name the publisher). Displays after title.
place: For news stories with a dateline, the location where the story was written. If the name of the location changed over time, use the name as stated in the publication or used at the time of the source's publication. In earlier versions of the template this was the publication place, and for compatibility, will be treated as the publication place if the publication-place parameter is absent; see that parameter for further information. Alias: location
publication-place: Geographical place of publication; generally not wikilinked; omit when the name of the work includes the publication place, for example, The Boston Globe, The Times of India. Displays after the title. If the name of the publication place changed over time, use the name as stated in the publication or used at the time of the source's publication. If only one of publication-place, place, or location is defined, it will be treated as the publication place and will show after the title; if publication-place and place or location are defined, then place or location is shown before the title prefixed with "written at" and publication-place is shown after the title.
publication-date: Date of publication when different from the date the work was written. If date (or year) is also defined and is different, then publication-date displays preceded by "published" and enclosed in parentheses, following publisher. If date (or year) is not defined, publication-date is displayed as date. Use the same format as other dates in the article; do not wikilink.
via: Name of the content deliverer (if different from publisher). via is not a replacement for publisher, but provides additional detail. It may be used when the content deliverer (e.g. NewsBank) presents the source in a format different from the original, when the URL provided does not make clear the identity of the deliverer, where no URL or DOI is available (EBSCO), or if the deliverer requests attribution. Error: no text specified (help).
agency: The news agency (wire service) that provided the content; examples: Associated Press, Reuters, Agence France-Presse. Do not use for sources published on the agency's own website; e.g. apnews.com or reuters.com; instead, use work or publisher. May be wikilinked if relevant.
Series
series or version: When the source is part of a series, such as a book series or a journal, where the issue numbering has restarted.
In-source locations
page: The number of a single page in the source that supports the content. Use either |page= or |pages=, but not both. Displays preceded by p. unless |no-pp=yes. If hyphenated, use {{hyphen}} to indicate this is intentional (e.g. |page=3{{hyphen}}12), otherwise several editors and semi-automated tools will assume this was a misuse of the parameter to indicate a page range and will convert |page=3-12 to |pages=3{{ndash}}12. Alias: p.
OR: pages: A range of pages in the source that supports the content. Use either |page= or |pages=, but not both. Separate using an en dash (–); separate non-sequential pages with a comma (,); do not use to indicate the total number of pages in the source. Displays preceded by pp. unless |no-pp=yes. Hyphens are automatically converted to en dashes; if hyphens are appropriate because individual page numbers contain hyphens, for example: pp. 3-1–3-15, use double parentheses to tell the template to display the value of |pages= without processing it, and use {{hyphen}} to indicate to editors that a hyphen is really intended: |pages=((3{{hyphen}}1{{ndash}}3{{hyphen}}15)). Alternatively, use |at=, like this: |at=pp. 3-1–3-15. Alias: pp.
no-pp: Set to yes, y, or true to suppress the p. or pp. notations where this is inappropriate; for example, where |page=Front cover or |pages=passim.
OR: at: For sources where a page number is inappropriate or insufficient. Overridden by |page= or |pages=. Use only one of |page=, |pages=, or |at=. Examples: page (p.) or pages (pp.); section (sec.), column (col.), paragraph (para.); track; hours, minutes and seconds; act, scene, canto, book, part, folio, stanza, back cover, liner notes, indicia, colophon, dust jacket, verse.
For |quote-page= and |quote-pages= used in conjunction with |quote=, see here.
URL
url: URL of an online location where the text of the publication named by title can be found. Cannot be used if title is wikilinked. If applicable, the link may point to the specific page(s) referenced. Remove tracking parameters from URLs, e.g. #ixzz2rBr3aO94 or ?utm_source=google&utm_medium=...&utm_term=...&utm_campaign=.... Error: no text specified (help). Do not link to any commercial booksellers, such as Amazon; use |isbn= or |oclc= to provide neutral search links for books. Invalid URLs, including those containing spaces, will result in an error message.
access-date: Full date when the content pointed to by url was last verified to support the text in the article; do not wikilink; requires url; use the same format as other access and archive dates in the citations.[date 1]Not required for linked documents that do not change. For example, access-date is required for online sources, such as personal websites, that do not have a publication date; see WP:CITEWEB. Access dates are not required for links to published research papers or published books. Note that access-date is the date that the URL was found to be working and to support the text being cited. See "Automatic date formatting" above for details about interaction with {{use dmy dates}} and {{use mdy dates}}. Can be hidden or styled by registered editors. Alias: accessdate.
archive-url: The URL of an archived snapshot of a web page. Typically used to refer to services such as Internet ArchiveError: no text specified (help)., WebCiteError: no text specified (help). and archive.todayError: no text specified (help).; requires archive-date and url. By default (overridden by |url-status=live) the archived link is displayed first, with the original link at the end. Alias: archiveurl.
archive-date: Archive-service snapshot-date; preceded in display by default text "archived from the original on". Use the same format as other access and archive dates in the citations. This does not necessarily have to be the same format that was used for citing publication dates.[date 1] Do not wikilink; templated dates are discouraged. See "Automatic date formatting" above for details about interaction with {{use dmy dates}} and {{use mdy dates}}. Alias: archivedate.
url-status: the |url-status= parameter should only be included if an |archive-url= is set (dead links without an archive URL can be marked with {{dead link}}). If |url-status= is omitted, or is specified with a null value, the default value is |url-status=dead. When the URL is still live, but pre-emptively archived, then set |url-status=live; this changes the display order, with the title retaining the original link and the archive linked at the end. If the original URL is 'live' but no longer supports the article text, set |url-status=deviated. When the original URL has been usurped for the purposes of spam, advertising, or is otherwise unsuitable, setting |url-status=unfit or |url-status=usurped suppresses display of the original URL (but |url= and |archive-url= are still required).
archive-format: File format of the work referred to by archive-url; for example: PDF, DOC, or XLS; displayed in parentheses after the archive link. HTML is implied and should not be specified. File format annotation is automatically rendered when a PDF icon is displayed. Does not change the external link icon. Note: External link icons do not include alt text; thus, they do not add file format information for the visually impaired. Error: no text specified (help).
format: File format of the work referred to by url; for example: PDF, DOC, or XLS; displayed in parentheses after title. (For media format, use type.) HTML is implied and should not be specified. File format annotation is automatically rendered when a PDF icon is displayed. Does not change the external link icon. Note: External link icons do not include alt text; thus, they do not add file format information for the visually impaired. Error: no text specified (help).
URLs must begin with a supported URI scheme. http:// and https:// will be supported by all browsers; however, ftp://, gopher://, irc://, ircs://, mailto: and news: may require a plug-in or an external application and should normally be avoided. IPv6 host-names are currently not supported.
If URLs in citation template parameters contain certain characters, then they will not display and link correctly. Those characters need to be percent-encoded. For example, a space must be replaced by %20. To encode the URL, replace the following characters with:
Character
space
"
'
<
>
[
]
{
|
}
Encoding
%20
%22
%27
%3C
%3E
%5B
%5D
%7B
%7C
%7D
Single apostrophes do not need to be encoded; however, unencoded multiples will be parsed as italic or bold markup. Single curly closing braces also do not need to be encoded; however, an unencoded pair will be parsed as the double closing braces for the template transclusion.
↑ 1.01.1Access-date and archive-date in references should all have the same format – either the format used for publication dates, or YYYY-MM-DD. Error: no text specified (help).
ref: the citation's HTML anchor identifier, when different from its default. When set, |ref=ID generates an anchor with the given ID (the id= attribute in the citation's <cite id="ID"> HTML tag). Setting |ref=ID identifies the template as a target and allows wikilinking to full references, especially useful with short-form citations like shortened notes and parenthetical referencing. The default anchor ID is suitable for use with {{sfn}} and {{harv}} templates. Since April 2020, the parameter / keyword pair |ref=harv has no special meaning; this deprecated setting should not be used and may be removed from existing cs1|2 templates. To inhibit anchor ID creation, set |ref=none. Aliases: none. Error: no text specified (help).
id: A unique identifier, used where none of the specialized identifiers are applicable; wikilink or use an external link template as applicable. For example, |id=NCJ 122967 will append "NCJ 122967" at the end of the citation. You can use templates such as |id={{NCJ|122967}} to append NCJ122967 instead.
The following identifiers create links and are designed to accept a single value. Using multiple values or other text will break the link and/or invalidate the identifier. In general, the parameters should include only the variable part of the identifier, e.g. |rfc=822 or |pmc=345678.
arxiv: arXividentifier; for example: |arxiv=hep-th/9205027 (before April 2007) or |arxiv=0706.0001 (April 2007 – December 2014) or |arxiv=1501.00001 (since January 2015). Do not include extraneous file extensions like ".pdf" or ".html". Aliases: eprint.
asin: Amazon Standard Identification Number; if first character of asin value is a digit, use isbn. Because this link favours one specific distributor, include it only if standard identifiers are not available. Example |asin=B00005N5PF. Aliases: ASIN.
asin-tld: ASIN top-level domain for Amazon sites other than the US; valid values: . Aliases: none.
bibcode: bibcode; used by a number of astronomical data systems; for example: 1974AJ.....79..819H. Aliases: none.
doi: Digital object identifier; for example: 10.1038/news070508-7. It is checked to ensure it begins with (10.). Aliases: DOI.
Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate valid DOIs using a non-standard format, see below.
doi-broken-date: Date a valid DOI was found to be non-working/inactive at https://doi.org. Use the same format as other dates in the article. Aliases: none.
eissn: International Standard Serial Number for the electronic media of a serial publication; eight characters may be split into two groups of four using a hyphen, but not an en dash or a space; example |eissn=1557-2986. Aliases: EISSN.
Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate valid eISSNs using a non-standard format, see below.
hdl: Handle System identifier for digital objects and other resources on the Internet; example |hdl=20.1000/100. Aliases: HDL.
isbn: International Standard Book Number; for example: 978-0-8126-9593-9. Error: no text specified (help). Hyphens in the ISBN are optional, but preferred. Use the ISBN actually printed on or in the book. Use the 13-digit ISBN – beginning with 978 or 979 – when it is available. If only a 10-digit ISBN is printed on or in the book, use it. ISBNs can be found on the page with the publisher's information – usually the back of the title page – or beneath the barcode as a number beginning with 978 or 979 (barcodes beginning with any other numbers are not ISBNs). For sources with the older 9-digit SBN system, use sbn. Do not convert a 10-digit ISBN to 13-digit by just adding the 978 prefix; the last digit is a calculated check digit and just making changes to the numbers will make the ISBN invalid. This parameter should hold only the ISBN without any additional characters. It is checked for length, invalid characters – anything other than numbers, spaces, and hyphens, with "X" permitted as the last character in a 10-digit ISBN – and the proper check digit. Aliases: ISBN.
Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate valid ISBNs using a non-standard format, see below.
ismn: International Standard Music Number; for example: 979-0-9016791-7-7. Hyphens or spaces in the ISMN are optional. Use the ISMN actually printed on or in the work. This parameter should hold only the ISMN without any additional characters. It is checked for length, invalid characters – anything other than numbers, spaces, and hyphens – and the proper check digit. Aliases: ISMN.
jstor: JSTOR reference number; for example: |jstor=3793107. Aliases: JSTOR.
lccn: Library of Congress Control Number. When present, alphabetic prefix characters are to be lower case and without a space; example |lccn=79-57364 or |lccn=2004042477 or |lccn=e09001178. Aliases: LCCN.
pmc: PubMed Central; use article number for open repository full-text of a journal article, e.g. |pmc=345678. Do not include "PMC" in the value. Error: no text specified (help).. Aliases: PMC.
pmc-embargo-date: Date that pmc goes live; if this date is in the future, then pmc is not linked until that date. Aliases: none.
pmid: PubMed; use unique identifier; example |pmid=17322060Error: no text specified (help). Aliases: PMID.
s2cid: Semantic Scholar corpus ID; example |s2cid=37220927. Aliases: S2CID.
zbl: Zentralblatt MATH; example |zbl=0472.53010 For zbMATH search results like JFM 35.0387.02 use |jfm=35.0387.02. Aliases: ZBL.
In very rare cases, valid identifiers (f.e., as actually printed on publications) do not follow their defined standard format or use non-conforming checksums, which would typically cause an error message to be shown. Do not alter them to match a different checksum. In order to suppress the error message, some identifiers (|doi=, |eissn=, |isbn=, |issn=, and |sbn=) support a special accept-this-as-written markup which can be applied to disable the error-checking (as |<param>=((<value>))). If the problem is down to a mere typographical error in a third-party source, correct the identifier value instead of overriding the error message.
For some identifiers, it is possible to specify the access status using the corresponding |<param>-access= parameter.
For {{cite journal}}, some identifiers (specifying free resources) will automatically be linked to the title when |url= and |title-link= are not used to specify a different link target. This behaviour can be overridden by one out of a number of special keywords for |title-link= to manually select a specific source (|title-link=pmc or |title-link=doi) for auto-linking or to disable the feature (|title-link=none).
It is not necessary to specify a URL to a link identical to a link also produced by an identifier. The |url= parameter (or |title-link=) can then be used for providing a direct deep link to the corresponding document or a convenience link to a resource that would not otherwise be obviously accessible.
Quote
quote: Relevant text quoted from the source. Displays enclosed in quotes. When supplied, the citation terminator (a period by default) is suppressed, so the quote must include terminating punctuation. If script-quote is defined, use quote to hold a Romanization (if available) of the text in script-quote.
script-quote: Original quotation for languages that do not use a Latin-based script (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, etc.); not italicized, follows italicized Romanization defined in quote (if available). Alias: none. Must be prefixed with one of the supported language codes to help browsers properly display the script:
trans-quote: English translation of the quotation if the source quoted is in a foreign language. Displays in square brackets. Alias: none.
quote-page: The number of a single page quoted in |quote=. Use either |quote-page= or |quote-pages=, but not both. Should be a subset of the page(s) specified in |page=, |pages= or |at=. Displays preceded by p. unless |no-pp=yes. If hyphenated, use {{hyphen}} to indicate this is intentional (e.g. |quote-page=3{{hyphen}}12). Alias: none.
OR: quote-pages: A list or range of pages quoted in |quote=. Use either |quote-page= or |quote-pages=, but not both. Should be a subset of the pages specified in |pages= or |at=. Separate using an en dash (–); separate non-sequential pages with a comma (,). Displays preceded by pp. unless |no-pp=yes is defined. Hyphens are automatically converted to en dashes; if hyphens are appropriate because individual page numbers contain hyphens, for example: pp. 3-1–3-15, use double parentheses to tell the template to display the value of |quote-pages= without processing it, and use {{hyphen}} to indicate to editors that a hyphen is really intended: |quote-pages=((3{{hyphen}}1{{ndash}}3{{hyphen}}15)). Alias: none.
Editors
editor-last: surname of editor. Do not wikilink—use editor-link instead. Where the surname is usually written first—as in Chinese—or for corporate authors, simply use editor-last to include the same format as the source. Aliases: editor-last1, editor1-last, editor-surname, editor-surname1, editor1-surname, editor, editor1.
editor: This parameter is used to hold the complete name of a single editor (first and last), or the name of an editorial committee. This parameter should never hold the names of more than one editor.
editor-first: given or first names of editor, including title(s); example: Firstname Middlename or Firstname M. or Dr. Firstname M., Sr. Do not wikilink—use editor-link instead. Aliases: editor-first1, editor1-first, editor-given, editor-given1, editor1-given.
OR: for multiple editors, use editor-last1, editor-first1 through editor-lastn, editor-firstn (Aliases: editorn-last, editor-surnamen or editorn-surname; editorn-first, editor-givenn or editorn-given; editorn). For an individual editor plus an institutional editor, you can use |editor-first1=...|editor-last1=...|editor2=....
editor-link: title of existing Wikipedia article about the editor—not the editor's website; do not wikilink. Aliases: editor-link1.
OR: for multiple editors, use editor-link1 through editor-linkn (alias editorn-link).
name-list-style: accepts a limited list of keywords as value; when set to amp, ampersand, or &, inserts an ampersand between the last two names in a name list; when set to and, inserts the conjunction 'and' between the last two names of a name list; when set to vancdisplays name lists in Vancouver style when the lists use the last/first forms of name parameters.
veditors: comma separated list of editor names in Vancouver style; enclose corporate or institutional names in doubled parentheses. End with etal if appropriate:
|veditors=Smythe JB, ((Megabux Corp.)), etal
editor-linkn and editor-maskn may be used for the individual names in |veditors=, as described above
Display:
Use display-editors to control the length of the displayed editor name list and to specify when "et al." is included.
If authors: Authors are first, followed by the included work, then "In" and the editors, then the main work.
If no authors: Editors appear before the included work; a single editor is followed by "ed."; multiple editors are followed by "eds."
Display options
mode: Sets element separator, default terminal punctuation, and certain capitalization according to the value provided. For |mode=cs1, element separator and terminal punctuation is a period (.); where appropriate, initial letters of certain words are capitalized ('Retrieved...'). For |mode=cs2, element separator is a comma (,); terminal punctuation is omitted; where appropriate, initial letters of certain words are not capitalized ('retrieved...'). To override default terminal punctuation use postscript.
author-mask:
contributor-mask:
editor-mask:
interviewer-mask:
subject-mask:
translator-mask:
Replaces the name of the (first) author with em dashes or text. Set <name>-mask to a numeric value n to set the dash n em spaces wide; set <name>-mask to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, "with". The numeric value 0 is a special case to be used in conjunction with <name>-link—in this case, the value of <name>-link will be used as (linked) text. In either case, you must still include the values for all names for metadata purposes. Primarily intended for use with bibliographies or bibliography styles where multiple works by a single author are listed sequentially such as shortened footnotes. Do not use in a list generated by {{reflist}}, <references /> or similar as there is no control of the order in which references are displayed. Mask parameters can take an enumerator in the name of the parameter (e.g. |authorn-mask=) to apply the mask to a specific name.
display-authors:
display-contributors:
display-editors:
display-interviewers:
display-subjects:
display-translators:
Controls the number of author or editor names that are displayed when a citation is published. To change the displayed number of names, set display-authors and/or display-editors to the desired number. For example, |display-authors=2 will display only the first two authors in a citation (and not affect the display of editors). Likewise, |display-editors=2 will display only the first two editors (and all authors). |display-authors=0 and |display-editors=0 are special cases suppressing the display of all authors or editors including the et al. By default, all authors and editors are displayed. |display-authors=etal displays all authors in the list followed by et al. Aliases: none.
postscript: Controls the closing punctuation for a citation; defaults to a period (.); for no terminating punctuation, specify |postscript=none – leaving |postscript= empty is the same as omitting it, but is ambiguous. Additional text, or templates that render more than a single terminating punctuation character, will generate a maintenance message. |postscript= is ignored if quote is defined.
Subscription or registration required
Citations of online sources that require registration or a subscription are acceptable in Wikipedia as documented in Verifiability § Access to sources. As a courtesy to readers and other editors, editors should signal restrictions on access to material provided via the external links included in a citation. These levels describe requirements or constraints related to accessing and viewing the cited material; they are not intended to indicate the ability to reuse, or the copyright status, of the material, since that status is not relevant to verifying claims in articles.
free: the source is free to read for anyone (from the viewpoint of the provider of the source – could still be blocked by client-side filtering or safeguarding, or distributor-based geoblocking)
registration: a free registration with the provider of the source is required to access the source, even if a limited preview, abstract or review may still be available without registration
limited: there are other constraints (such as a cap on daily views, a restriction to certain day or night times, or providing the contents only to certain IP ranges/locales on behalf of the provider of the source) to freely access this source as a whole
subscription: the source as a whole is only accessible via a paid subscription with the provider of the source ("paywall"), even if a limited preview, abstract or review may still be available without subscription
As there are often multiple external links with different access levels in the same citation, each value is attributed to a specific external link.
Access indicators for url-holding parameters
Online sources linked by |url=, |article-url=, |chapter-url=, |contribution-url=, |entry-url=, |map-url=, and |section-url= are presumed to be free-to-read. When they are not free-to-read, editors should mark those sources with the matching access-indicator parameter so that an appropriate icon is included in the rendered citation. Because the sources linked by these url-holding parameters are presumed to be free-to-read, they may not be marked as free.
URL-holding and access-indicator parameters
URL
Access
Allowed keywords
|url=
|url-access=
registration limited subscription
|article-url=
|article-url-access=
|chapter-url=
|chapter-url-access=
|contribution-url=
|contribution-url-access=
|entry-url=
|entry-url-access=
|map-url=
|map-url-access=
|section-url=
|section-url-access=
For example, this cites a web page that requires registration but not subscription:
{{cite web |url=https://example.com/nifty_data.php |url-access=registration |date=2021-04-15 |title=Nifty example data}}
Links inserted by named identifiers are presumed to lie behind a paywall or registration barrier – exceptions listed below. When they are free-to-read, editors should mark those sources with the matching access-indicator parameter so that an appropriate icon is included in the rendered citation. When the sources linked by these named-identifier parameters are not presumed to carry a free-to-read full text (for instance because they're just abstracting services), they may not be marked as limited, registration, or subscription.
Named-identifier and access-indicator parameters
Identifier
Access
Allowed keywords
|bibcode=
|bibcode-access=
free
|doi=
|doi-access=
|hdl=
|hdl-access=
|jstor=
|jstor-access=
|ol=
|ol-access=
|osti=
|osti-access=
|s2cid=
|s2cid-access=
Some named-identifiers are always free-to-read. For those named identifiers there are no access-indicator parameters; the access level is automatically indicated by the template. These named identifiers are:
|arxiv=
|biorxiv=
|citeseerx=
|pmc=
|rfc=
|ssrn=
For embargoed pmc that will become available in the future, see pmc-embargo-date.
TemplateData
This section contains configuration data used by editing tools and automated bots. Changes to this data can result in widespread and unintended effects. For more information see Help:Citation Style 1#TemplateData
Template:Cite web uses standard parameter set; TemplateData has errors:
|authors= is not a valid parameter
Formats a citation to a website using the provided information such as URL and title. Used only for sources that are not correctly described by the specific citation templates for books, journals, news sources, etc.
Title of existing Wikipedia article about the author; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors
Page name
optional
Last name 2
last2author2
The surname of the second author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link2'.
Line
optional
First name 2
first2
Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the second author; don't wikilink.
Line
optional
Author link 2
author-link2author2-link
Title of existing Wikipedia article about the second author.
Page name
optional
Last name 3
last3author3
The surname of the third author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link3'.
Line
optional
First name 3
first3
Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the third author; don't wikilink.
Line
optional
Author link 3
author-link3author3-link
Title of existing Wikipedia article about the third author.
Page name
optional
Last name 4
last4author4
The surname of the fourth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link4'.
Line
optional
First name 4
first4
Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fourth author; don't wikilink.
Line
optional
Author link 4
author-link4author4-link
Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fourth author.
Page name
optional
Last name 5
last5author5
The surname of the fifth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link5'.
Line
optional
First name 5
first5
Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fifth author; don't wikilink.
Line
optional
Author link 5
author-link5author5-link
Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fifth author.
Page name
optional
Last name 6
last6author6
The surname of the sixth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link6'.
Line
optional
First name 6
first6
Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the sixth author; don't wikilink.
Line
optional
Author link 6
author-link6author6-link
Title of existing Wikipedia article about the sixth author.
Page name
optional
Last name 7
last7author7
The surname of the seventh author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link7'.
Line
optional
First name 7
first7
Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the seventh author; don't wikilink.
Line
optional
Author link 7
author-link7author7-link
Title of existing Wikipedia article about the seventh author.
Page name
optional
Last name 8
last8author8
The surname of the eighth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link8'.
Line
optional
First name 8
first8
Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the eighth author; don't wikilink.
Line
optional
Author link 8
author-link8author8-link
Title of existing Wikipedia article about the eighth author.
Page name
optional
Last name 9
last9author9
The surname of the ninth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link9'.
Line
optional
First name 9
first9
Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the ninth author; don't wikilink.
Line
optional
Author link 9
author-link9author9-link
Title of existing Wikipedia article about the ninth author.
Page name
optional
Authors list
authors
List of authors as a free form list. This parameter is deprecated, use "lastn" or "firstn" (preferred) or "authorn" or "vauthors". Warning: do not use if last or any of its aliases are used.
String
deprecated
Author mask
author-mask
Replaces the name of the first author with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, 'with' instead
String
optional
Display authors
display-authors
Number of authors to display before 'et al.' is used. By default, all authors are displayed. Examples: |display-authors=2 will display only the first two authors in a citation followed by et al. |display-authors=etal displays all authors in the list followed by et al.
String
optional
Name list style
name-list-style
Set to 'amp' or 'and' to change the separator between the last two names of the name list to ' & ' or ' and ', respectively. Set to 'vanc' to display name lists in Vancouver style.
Suggested values
ampandvanc
String
optional
Source date
date
Full date when the source was published; if unknown, use access-date instead; do not wikilink
Date
suggested
Year of publication
year
Year of the source being referenced; deprecated in favor of 'date', except for the special case of ISO dates with disambiguating letter
String
optional
Original date
orig-date
Original date of publication; provide specifics
String
optional
Editor last name
editor-lasteditor1-lasteditor
The surname of the editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional editors.
Line
optional
Editor first name
editor-firsteditor1-first
Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional editors; alias of 'editor1-first'
Line
optional
Editor link
editor-linkeditor1-link
Title of existing Wikipedia article about the editor; can suffix with a numeral to add additional editors
Page name
optional
Editor last name 2
editor2-lasteditor2
The surname of the second editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor2-link'.
Line
optional
Editor first name 2
editor2-first
Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the second editor; don't wikilink.
Line
optional
Editor link 2
editor2-link
Title of existing Wikipedia article about the second editor.
Page name
optional
Editor last name 3
editor3-lasteditor3
The surname of the third editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor3-link'.
Line
optional
Editor first name 3
editor3-first
Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the third editor; don't wikilink.
Line
optional
Editor link 3
editor3-link
Title of existing Wikipedia article about the third editor.
Page name
optional
Editor last name 4
editor4-lasteditor4
The surname of the fourth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor4-link'.
Line
optional
Editor first name 4
editor4-first
Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fourth editor; don't wikilink.
Line
optional
Editor link 4
editor4-link
Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fourth editor.
Page name
optional
Editor last name 5
editor5-lasteditor5
The surname of the fifth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor5-link'.
Line
optional
Editor first name 5
editor5-first
Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fifth editor; don't wikilink.
Line
optional
Editor link 5
editor5-link
Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fifth editor.
Page name
optional
Editor last name 6
editor6-lasteditor6
The surname of the sixth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor6-link'.
Line
optional
Editor first name 6
editor6-first
Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the sixth editor; don't wikilink.
Line
optional
Editor link 6
editor6-link
Title of existing Wikipedia article about the sixth editor.
Page name
optional
Editor last name 7
editor7-lasteditor7
The surname of the seventh editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor7-link'.
Line
optional
Editor first name 7
editor7-first
Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the seventh editor; don't wikilink.
Line
optional
Editor link 7
editor7-link
Title of existing Wikipedia article about the seventh editor.
Page name
optional
Editor last name 8
editor8-lasteditor8
The surname of the eighth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor8-link'.
Line
optional
Editor first name 8
editor8-first
Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the eighth editor; don't wikilink.
Line
optional
Editor link 8
editor8-link
Title of existing Wikipedia article about the eighth editor.
Page name
optional
Editor last name 9
editor9-lasteditor9
The surname of the ninth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor9-link'.
Line
optional
Editor first name 9
editor9-first
Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the ninth editor; don't wikilink.
Line
optional
Editor link 9
editor9-link
Title of existing Wikipedia article about the ninth editor.
Page name
optional
Others
others
Used to record other (non-author) contributions to the work, such as 'Illustrated by John Smith' or 'Translated by John Smith'. Only one ''others'' parameter is allowed: e.g., 'Illustrated by Jane Doe; Translated by John Smith'
String
optional
Title
title
The title of the source page on the website; will display with quotation marks added. Usually found at the top of your web browser. Not the name of the website.
String
required
Script title
script-title
For titles in languages that do not use a Latin-based alphabet (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, etc.). Prefix with two-character ISO639-1 language code followed by a colon. For Japanese use: |script-title=ja:...
String
optional
Translated title
trans-title
An English language title, if the source cited is in a foreign language; 'language' is recommended
String
optional
URL
urlURL
The URL of the online location where the text of the publication can be found. Requires schemes of the type "https://..." or maybe even the protocol relative scheme "//..."
Example
https://www.metacritic.com//...
URL
required
URL access level
url-access
Classification of the access restrictions on the URL ('registration', 'subscription' or 'limited')
Suggested values
registrationsubscriptionlimited
String
optional
URL status
url-status
If set to 'live', the title display is adjusted; useful for when the URL is archived preemptively but still live. Set to "dead" or 'usurped' for broken links. Entering 'unfit' or 'usurped' makes the original link not appear at all.
Suggested values
deadliveusurpedunfitdeviated
ਮੂਲ ਰੂਪ
'dead' if an Archive URL is entered
Example
'dead' or 'live'
String
suggested
Archive URL
archive-urlarchiveurl
The URL of an archived copy of a web page, if or in case the URL becomes unavailable; requires 'archive-date'
Auto value
URL
suggested
Archive date
archive-datearchivedate
Date when the original URL was archived; do not wikilink
Date
suggested
Archive format
archive-format
Format of the archived copy; examples: PDF, DOC, XLS; do not specify HTML
String
optional
URL access date
access-dateaccessdate
The full date when the original URL was accessed; do not wikilink
Date
suggested
Name of the website
websitework
Title (name) of the website (or its short URL if no plain-language title is discernible); may be wikilinked; will display in italics. Having both 'publisher' and 'website' is redundant in many cases.
Example
[[Rotten Tomatoes]]
String
suggested
Series identifier
series
Series identifier when the source is part of a series, such as a book series or a journal
String
optional
Publisher
publisher
Name of the publisher; may be wikilinked. Having both 'publisher' and 'website' (a.k.a. 'work') is redundant in many cases.
Example
[[Fandom, Inc.]] (which owns "Metacritic.com")
String
optional
Place
place
For news stories with a dateline, the location where the story was written; will be treated as the publication place if publication place is absent; alias of 'location'
String
optional
Page
page
Page in the source that supports the content; displays after 'p.'
String
optional
Pages
pages
Pages in the source that support the content (not an indication of the number of pages in the source); displays after 'pp.'
String
optional
At
at
May be used instead of 'page' or 'pages' where a page number is inappropriate or insufficient
String
optional
Language
languagelang
The language in which the source is written, if not English; use a two-letter language code or the full language name. Do not use icons or templates. Separate multiple languages with commas
Example
de, fr, es
String
optional
Type
type
Additional information about the media type of the source; format in sentence case
String
optional
Format
format
Format of the work referred to by 'url'; examples: PDF, DOC, XLS; do not specify HTML
String
optional
Place of publication
publication-place
Publication place shows after title; if 'place' or 'location' are also given, they are displayed before the title prefixed with 'written at'
String
optional
Publication date
publication-date
Date of publication when different from the date the work was written; do not wikilink
Date
optional
Published via
via
Name of the entity hosting the original copy of the work, if different from the publisher. This entity is committed not to alter the work.
