Ugriske språk

Ugriske språk er den ene av to undergrupper av finsk-ugriske språk. Den andre undergruppen er finsk-permiske språk.

Ugriske språk er inndelt i ungarsk, khanti og mansi (tidl. vogulsk). De to sistnevnte kalles også obugriske språk.

Ugrisk i den uralske språkfamilien

Etter tradisjonell typologi har den uralske språkfamilien bestått av to greiner, samojedisk og finsk-ugrisk, som på sin side har vært delt opp i ugrisk og finsk-permisk. Nå har forskerne mer eller mindre gått bort fra en slik binær modell, og opererer med en flat struktur der det er sju like språkgreiner i den uralske språkfamilien.

I de siste tiåra har også eksistensen av en ugrisk språkfamilie vært omstridt. Problemet er at det har vist seg vanskelig å rekonstruere et ugrisk urspråk. Faktisk så vanskelig at det er den eneste av de sju greinene i den uralske språkfamilien det ikke har vært mulig å rekonstruere et urspråk for. Den tradisjonelle grunngivelsen for en ugrisk språkfamilie er også relativt tynn. Den går igjen i ordet jugra for ungarsk i eldre russiske kilder.

Særtrekk ved de ugriske språka

Ungarsk på den ene sida og obugrisk på den andre danner to svært ulike grupper. Ungarsk er sterkt påvirka, både av tyrkiske språk fra tida før ungarerne bosatte seg der de bor i dag, av slavisk og særlig tysk. De obugriske språka er prega av en vestsibirsk språkbunt med de samojediske språka, med tre numerus (entall, totall, flertall), med, et relativt lite kasussystem (visse khantiske dialekter har så få som tre kasus, og med svært lik fonologisk struktur).

Det er likevel likheter innenfor de ugriske språka. En opplagt likhet er objektkonjugasjonen, som de alle deler.

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