Norges økonomiske sone

Norges økonomiske sone ble opprettet ved lov av 17. desember 1976 og med virkning fra 1. januar 1977. Den ble opprettet i medhold av FNs havrettskonvensjon, og etablerte et område på 200 nautiske mil fra grunnlinjen utenfor kysten av det norske fastland (NØS). Sonen grenser opp mot Danmarks, Tysklands og Storbritannias økonomiske soner, og her er midtlinjen delelinje. I 2010 kom det og istand en avtale med Russland om en delelinje mellom de to lands respektive økonomiske soner. Innenfor den økonomiske sonen har Norge eksklusiv rett til utvinning av naturressurser som fisk og petroleum.

Fiskevernsoner

Norge har også opprettet to andre soner på 200 nautiske mil:

Disse ble opprettet med hjemmel i den samme loven. Formålet med soneloven var å skape den nødvendige hjemmel for å opprette sonen, og således gi grunnlag for en utvidet norsk fiskerijurisdiksjon. Dette var blitt nødvendig som følge av at fiskebestandene i farvannene ved norskekysten var blitt truet av en stadig større og mer effektiv utenlandsk fiskeflåte. Med loven ble det innført forbud mot utenlandsk fiske og fangst i sonen, med mindre unntak ble gjort i forskrifter gitt med hjemmel i loven.

Det er inngått fiskeriavtaler som regulerer fiskeadgang og kvoter for Russland, EU, Færøyene, Grønland, og Island i Norges økonomiske sone mellom 12 og 200 nautiske mil fra grunnlinjene. Et visst antall fartøyer fra disse statene får utstedt en såkalt fisketillatelse (lisens) til å fiske i NØS. I praksis reguleres utenlandsk fiske som hovedregel i medhold av soneloven, mens utøvelsen av fiske med norske fartøy reguleres i medhold av saltvannsfiskeloven.

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