Hungersnøden i Nord-Korea 1994–1998

Hungersnøden i Nord-Korea
Dato1994–1998
UlykkesstedNord-Korea
ÅrsakØkonomisk sammenbrudd, naturkatastrofer
Tall
Omkomne0,9–3,5 millioner

Hungersnøden i Nord-Korea mellom 1994 og 1998 er en av verdens verste sultkatastrofer i moderne tid. Mellom 240 000 og 3,5 millioner av Nord-Koreas 22 millioner innbyggere omkom.[1][2][3][4][5]

Nord-Korea mistet sin største velgjører ved oppløsningen av Sovjetunionen i 1991. Nord-Koreas matvareforsyning begynte å vise tegn til forsyningssvikt. I 1995 og 1996 ble landet rammet av styrtregn og flom, og mye av avlingen og nødlagrene ble ødelagt. Fordi landet var lukket og politisk isolert, kom nødhjelpen fra utlandet sent.[6][7][8][9]

Ifølge FN ødela oversvømmelsene i 1994 og 1995 rundt 1,5 millioner tonn av landets kornreserver,[10] og Centers for Disease Control and Prevention mente at 1,2 millioner tonn (tilsvarende 12 %) av den totale kornproduksjonen gikk tapt med oversvømmelsen i 1995.[11]

Det nordkoreanske regimet kaller disse nødsårene for «den besværlige marsjen». Det ansees som en politisk forbrytelse å omtale den som en hungersnød.

Det er fortsatt matmangel i Nord-Korea, og landet er avhengig av nødhjelp fra utlandet.[12]

Referanser

  1. ^ Spoorenberg, Thomas og Schwekendiek, Daniel (2012). «Demographic Changes in North Korea: 1993–2008». Population and Development Review (på engelsk). 38 (1): 133–158. doi:10.1111/j.1728-4457.2012.00475.x. 
  2. ^ Goodkind, Daniel, West, Loraine og Johnson, Peter (2011). «A Reassessment of Mortality in North Korea, 1993–2008». Arbeidsnotat til årsmøtet i Population Association of America 31. mars–2. april 2011 (på engelsk). U.S. Census Bureau. Arkivert fra originalen 17. september 2019. Besøkt 7. desember 2019. 
  3. ^ Goodkind, Daniel og West, Loraine (2001). «The North Korean Famine and Its Demographic Impact». Population and Development Review (på engelsk). 27 (2). 
  4. ^ Robinson, W. Courtland, Lee, Myung Ken, Hill, Kenneth og Burnham, Gilbert M. (24. juli 2000). «Mortality in North Korean migrant households: a retrospective study». The Lancet (på engelsk). 354 (9175). doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(99)02266-7. 
  5. ^ Noland, Marcus, Robinson, Sherman og Wang, Tao (1999). «Famine in North Korea: Causes and Cures» (PDF). Arbeidsnotat (på engelsk). Peterson Institute for International Economics: 1–12. Arkivert fra originalen (PDF) 15. juni 2020. Besøkt 7. desember 2019. 
  6. ^ Haggard, Stephan og Noland, Marcus (2009). Famine in North Korea: Markets, Aid, and Reform (på engelsk). New York: Columbia University Press. s. 209. ISBN 0-231-14001-0. 
  7. ^ Kang, David C. (2012). «They Think They're Normal: Enduring Questions and New Research on North Korea—A Review Essay». International Security (på engelsk). 36 (3): 142–171. doi:10.1162/isec_a_00068. 
  8. ^ «North Korea: A terrible truth». The Economist (på engelsk). 17. april 1997. Besøkt 7. desember 2019. 
  9. ^ Demick, Barbara (2011). Mørkets rike: Reportasje fra Nord-Korea (på norsk). Oversatt av Kirsti Vogt. Oslo: Cappelen Damm. s. 72–78. ISBN 82-02-33319-9. 
  10. ^ «Consolidated UN Inter Agency-Appeal, 1 July 1996-21 March 1997». United States Department of Humanitarian Affairs.
  11. ^ «Status of Public Health-Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, April 1997» (på engelsk). United States Department of Humanitarian Affairs. [død lenke]
  12. ^ «Democratic People's Republic of Korea» (på engelsk). Verdens matvareprogram. Besøkt 7. desember 2019. 

Litteratur

  • Eberstadt, Nicholas (2007). The North Korean Economy: Between Crisis and Catastrophe (på engelsk). Transaction Publishers. ISBN 0-7658-0360-7. 
  • Haggard, Stephan og Noland, Marcus (2009). Famine in North Korea: Markets, Aid, and Reform (på engelsk). New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-14001-0. 
  • Lankov, Andrei (2006). «The Natural Death of North Korean Stalinism». Asia Policy (på engelsk) (1): 95–121. 
  • Natsios, Andrew S. (2001). The Great North Korean Famine (på engelsk). United States Institute of Peace. ISBN 1-929223-34-X. 
  • Noland, Marcus (2004). «Famine and Reform in North Korea». Asian Economic Papers (på engelsk) (3): 1–40. 
  • Noland, Marcus; Robinson, Sherman; Wang, Tao (1999). Famine in North Korea: Causes and Cures (PDF) (på engelsk). Washington D.C.: Peterson Institute for International Economics. Arkivert fra originalen (PDF) 6. juli 2011. Besøkt 4. desember 2011. 
  • Woo-Cumings, Meredith (2002). The Political Ecology of Famine: The North Korean Catastrophe and Its Lessons (PDF) (på engelsk). University of Michigan. Arkivert fra originalen (PDF) 27. september 2013. Besøkt 4. desember 2011. 
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