Cywydd

Cywydd er en walisisk diktform, utviklet i middelalderen. Cywydd var favorittformen til adelens diktere, også kalt Cywyddwyr (Cywydd-dikterne), og ble skrevet i det innviklete versemålet cynghanedd. En cywydd består vanligvis av 40-70 verselinjer, hvor verseparenes sluttstavelser rimer, men har kontrasterende trykk. Hver verselinje har 7 stavelser og følger, med få unntak, en av de 4 hovedmønstrene i det innfløkte versemålet cynghanedd. Dekorativ alliterasjon og cynghanedd ble også brukt for å binde sammen versepar. Effekten oppfattes som svært melodisk.

Cywydden pleier å vise utstrakt bruk av syntaktiske parallellismer, apostroferinger, innskudde parenteser (sangiad), og lange rekker med innfløkte metaforer eller concetti/conceits som viser til samme gjenstand (slike rekker kalles dyfalu).

Cywydden ble opprinnelig brukt som prysningsdikt til adelige sponsorer eller som sorgdikt ved deres bortgang. Særlig Dafydd ap Gilwym innførte temaer som prysning til naturen, til Gud eller til en kjæreste, noen ganger i kombinasjon, når han henvender seg til f.eks. en fugl som skal sende en beskjed til kjæresten. Noen cywydder kan virke å være koblet sammen i rekker eller (uformelle) diktsyklus, i det de viser til forskjellige deler av en kjærlighetshistorie. Cywydden kunne også være satirisk, og brukes som niddikt om elskovsrivaler eller om konkurrerende poeter.

Tematisk og formmessige viser cywydden paralleller til trubadur-diktning og minnesang ellers i Europa og til den mer kondenserte sonetten.

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