Cynghanedd

Cynghanedd ([kəŋˈhaneð], walisisk: "harmoni") er et versemål innenfor den walisiske litteraturen, utviklet i middelalderen, men fremdeles i bruk i dag. Den består av innfløkte former for midtrim og alliterasjon. Cynghanedd har blitt karakterisert som det mest komplekse tradisjonelle versemålet vi kjenner til.[1]

Alle verselinjer, med få unntak, innenfor den tradisjonelle walisiske lyrikken skal skrives med en av de 4 hovedmønstrene i cynghanedd. To av disse mønstrene lar en rekkefølge med konsonanter samlet rundt hovedtrykket i først linjehalvdel gjentas rundt hovedtrykket i andre linjehalvdel. En tredje lar et ord i linje rime med nestsiste stavelse i enn form for midtrim. Siste kombinerer alliterasjon og midtrim, de to første delene i en tredelt linje rimer og konsonantrekkefølgen i andre del av linjen gjenta i siste den.

Cynghanedd kombineres med enderim, f.eks. i diktformen cywydd, og dens alliterende former kan også koble sammen begynnelsen på to eller flere etterfølgende verselinjer.

Noen diktere har eksperimentert med cynghanedd på engelsk.

De 4 hovedmønstrene i Cynghanedd

Eksemplene hentes fra Dikt 71 av Dafydd ap Gwilym. Sesur markeres med skråstrek ("/"). Merk at Dd, Ll og Ch enkeltlyder i det walisiske alfabetet, og at W er vokal.

Cynghanedd groes ("kryss-harmoni")

Alle konsonanter rundt hovedtrykket før sesuren må gjentas i samme rekkefølge rundt hovedtrykket etter sesuren: 

Gymar hwyl,  gem yr heli
G m r h  l / g m  r h l

Mønsteret {g m r h l} finner vi på begge siden av sesuren. Ingen av konsonantene i andre del av linjen mangler i første del. Vokalene som bære de to hovedtrykkene i linjen må være ulike.

Cynghanedd draws ("tvers-harmoni")

Akkurat som cynghanedd groes, bare at vi finner konsonanter i begynnelsen av andre del av linjen som vi ikke finner i første del – de tilhører ikke den gjentatte rekken: 

Drais y dwfr, fi dros Dyfi
Dr  s   d f /    dr s d f

Her faller F i "fi" utenfor konsonantrekken {d r s d f}. Merk at R i "dwfr", ved rett før sesuren, ikke er en del av cyngahanedd; at siste konsonant før sesur ikke teller er ofte vanlig, også i cynghanedd groes.

Cynghanedd lusg ("dra-harmoni")

Siste stavelse før sesuren rimer med nestsiste trykksterke stavelse i linjen: 

O fawl i'r twrf meistrawl tau

"fawl" rimer med "meistrawl". Merk at linjer i cynghanedd lusg alltid slutter i trykksvak stavelse.

Cynghanedd sain ("lyd-harmoni")

Linjene er delt i tre, av to sesurer. De to første delene rimer, og de to siste delene inneholder samme konsonantrekke: 

Y don   bengrychlon  grochlais
      /   ngr chl(n/ gr chl

"don" rimer med "bengrychlon". Merk hvordan i dette eksemplet en konsonant i andre, gjentatte konsonantrekken {n g r ch l}, N, har vandret over sesuren og inn i andre del av linjen

Referanser

  1. ^ red. Alex Preminger et al., The New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics, Princeton University Press, s. 265.

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