Ramadan ( Arab: رَمَضَانcode: ar is deprecated </link> , Ramaḍān ) ialah bulan kesembilan dalam kalendar Islam, dan bulan di mana Al - Quran dipercayai diturunkan kepada Nabi Muhammad S.A.W .
Puasa di bulan Ramadhan adalah salah satu daripada lima Rukun Islam. Bulan ini digunakan oleh umat Islam untuk berpuasa pada waktu siang iaitu bermula dari fajar hingga matahari terbenam. Menurut Islam, Al-Quran diturunkan ke langit yang paling rendah pada bulan ini, kemudian diturunkan secara beransur-ansur oleh malaikat Jibra'il kepada Nabi Muhammad S.A.W. Oleh itu, Nabi Muhammad memberitahu pengikutnya bahawa pintu-pintu Syurga akan dibuka sepanjang bulan itu dan pintu-pintu Neraka ( Jahannam ) akan ditutup. [1] Tiga hari pertama di bulan berikutnya, iaitu bulan Syawal, umat Islam menyambut perayaan yang dinamakan sebagai "Perayaan Berbuka Puasa" atau Aidilfitri .
Masa
Kalendar Islam mengikut fasa peredaran bulan, di mana setiap bulan bermula apabila hilal pertama anak bulan kelihatan. Tahun Islam terdiri daripada 12 kitaran lunar, dan menjadikan ia 10 hingga 11 hari lebih pendek daripada tahun suria, dan kerana ia tidak mengandungi interkalasi, [a] Ramadan bertukar setiap tahun. Hari dalam Islam bermula selepas matahari terbenam. Anggaran tarikh mula dan tamat untuk Ramadan, berdasarkan kalendar Umm al-Qura Arab Saudi, adalah: [2]
Ramai umat Islam bersetuju akan penampakan fizikal anak bulan bagi menandakan permulaan bulan Ramadan, tetapi yang lain menggunakan masa pengiraan bulan baru atau pengisytiharan Arab Saudi untuk menentukan bermulanya bulan Ramadan. Memandangkan anak bulan tidak berada dalam keadaan yang sama pada masa yang sama di seluruh dunia, tarikh mula dan akhir Ramadan bergantung pada penampakan anak bulan di setiap lokasi masing-masing. Disebabkan itu, tarikh Ramadan berbeza-beza di setiap negara , tetapi kebiasaannya, jarak beza hanyalah sehari. Ini disebabkan oleh kitaran bulan ; bulan mungkin tidak memenuhi kriteria yang layak sebagai bulan sabit, yang menunjukkan perubahan dalam bulan, ketika matahari terbenam di satu lokasi manakala kemudiannya bertemu di lokasi lain. [3] Unjuran astronomi disediakan bagi menunjukkan ketibaan bulan Ramadan. [4]
Peristiwa
Ramadan disambut oleh umat Islam setiap tahun dengan nama yang sama. Bulan Ramadan terdiri daripada puasa dan juga solat sunat. Beberapa peristiwa bersejarah penting yang berlaku pada bulan ini yang dipercayai adalah termasuk:
2 Ramadan, kitab Taurat diturunkan kepada Nabi Musa, menurut Islam.[perlu rujukan]</link>[ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">rujukan diperlukan</span> ]
12 Ramadan, kitab Injil diturunkan kepada Nabi Isa A.S, menurut Islam.[perlu rujukan]</link>[ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">rujukan diperlukan</span> ]
Malam Laylat Al-Qadr merupakan salah satu malam daripada sepuluh hari terakhir di bulan Ramadan (biasanya pada malam ganjil). Umat Islam percaya bahawa malam yang juga dikenali sebagai "Malam Laylatul Al-Qadr" ini adalah lebih baik daripada seribu bulan. Pada malam ini, umat Islam digalakkan untuk berdoa untuk mendapat ganjaran yang sama dengan berdoa selama seribu bulan (lebih 83 tahun iaitu seumur hidup). Ramai orang Islam menghabiskan sepanjang malam dengan beribadah kepada Allah.
Hadis
Larangan menyebut kalimah Ramadan dengan sendirinya
Menurut hadis Ramadan ialah salah satu nama bulan dalam Islam, dan oleh itu adalah dilarang untuk menyebut hanya "Ramadan" merujuk kepada bulan kalendar dan perlu menyebut "bulan Ramadan".
Sunni
The Messenger of God (sa) said: Do not say "Ramadan", for verily Ramadan is a name from the names of Allah, rather say "month of Ramadan".[11]
He (the Prophet Muhammad) hated them saying "Ramadan", and he said: "Because it is a name from the names of Allah. Rather we say just as Allah said [in the Quran] – the "month of Ramadan".[12]
The Prophet (sa) said: Do not say "Ramadan has come" or "Ramadan has finished", for verily Ramadan is a name from the names of Allah, the Lofty.[13]
The Messenger of God (sa) said: Do not just say "Ramadan", for verily Ramadan is the name of Allah, rather say "month of Ramadan".[14]
Ibn Abu Hurairah reported: Do not say "Ramadan", for verily Ramadan is a name from the names of Allah, rather say "month of Ramadan".[15]
The Messenger of God (sa) said: Not a single one of you should be saying "I fasted Ramadan", nor "I establish [the Salah] in Ramadan", nor "I produced in Ramadan such-and-such", for verily Ramadan is a name from the names of Allah, Prestigious and Majestic is His greatness. Rather say "month of Ramadan" just as your Lord, Prestigious and Majestic, has said in His book (i.e. the Quran).[16]
Aisha asked: "O Messenger of God, what is the meaning of 'Ramadan'?" So the Messenger of God (sa) said: "O Humayra', do no say "Ramadan" for verily Ramadan is a name from the names of Allah, rather say "month of Ramadan". The meaning of the word 'Ramadan"' is that [Allah] burns in this month the sins of His worshippers, meaning he forgives them."[17]
Syiah
Muhammad al-Baqir (as) said: Do not say "this Ramadan", nor "Ramadan has gone", nor "Ramadan has come", for verily Ramadan is a name from the names of Allah, Prestigious and Majestic. He does not come nor leave, for the coming and leaving is for a thing that is not everlasting. Rather say "month of Ramadan", for the word 'month' is a genitive for the noun, and the noun is the name of Allah, Prestigious and Majestic.[18][19][20][21]
Ali (as) said: Do not say "Ramadan", rather say "month of Ramadan" for verily you don't know what Ramadan is.[22][23][24][25]
Ali (as) said: Do not say "Ramadan" for verily you don't know what Ramadan is. So the one who says that (just 'Ramadan'), then let him give alms in charity and he should fast as an atonement for his blasphemy. Rather say as Allah, Prestigious and Majestic, has said: "month of Ramadan".[26][27][28][29]
Zaydi
Ali (as) said: Do not say "Ramadan" for verily you don't know what Ramadan is. So the one who says that (just 'Ramadan'), then let him give alms in charity and he should fast as an atonement for his blasphemy. Rather say as Allah, Prestigious and Majestic, has said: "month of Ramadan".[30]
^Chittick, William (Summer 2018). "Ibn Arabi". Dalam Zalta, Edward N. (penyunting). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Stanford: Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Dicapai pada 19 July 2018. Ibn ‘Arabî referred to himself with fuller versions of his name, such as Abû ‘Abdallâh Muhammad ibn ‘Alî ibn al-‘Arabî al-Tâ’î al-Hâtimî (the last three names indicating his noble Arab lineage)
^ abcW. Montgomery Watt (1956), Muhammad at Medina Oxford: Clarendon Press, p. 12. Watt notes that the date for the battle is also recorded as the 19th or the 21st of Ramadan (15 or 17 March 624).
^F.R. Shaikh, Chronology of Prophetic Events, Ta-Ha Publishers Ltd., London, 2001 pp 3, 72, 134-6. Shaikh places the departure on Wednesday, 29 November. This is apparently calculated using the tabular Islamic calendar and then substituting Ramadan for Sha'ban in an (ineffective) attempt to allow for intercalation.
^Al-Bayhaqi, Abu Bakr. Sunnan al-Kubra (dalam bahasa Arab). m/s. Vol. 4, Book 11, Ch. 6, Nu. 7904. قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّٰهِ صَلَّىٰ اللَّٰهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ: لَا تَقُولُوا۟ «رَمَضَانُ» فَإِنَّ رَمَضَانَ اسْمٌ مِنْ أَسْمَاءِ اللَّٰهِ وَلَٰكِنْ قُولُوا۟ «شَهْرُ رَمَضَانَ»