Mark Sykes

Sir Mark Sykes, Bt
Gambar bertarikh sk. 1918
Kelahiran
Tatton Benvenuto Mark Sykes

(1879-03-16)16 Mac 1879
Meninggal dunia16 Februari 1919(1919-02-16) (umur 39)
Hôtel Le Lotti, Paris, Perancis
Sebab kematianCyanosis, influenza
DikebumikanSt Mary's Church, Sledmere, East Riding of Yorkshire, England
Pekerjaanaskar, diplomat, penasihat politik, penulis
Terkenal keranaPerjanjian Sykes-Picot
PasanganEdith Gorst
Anak-anak6

Kolonel Sir Tatton Benvenuto Mark Sykes, Baronet ke-6 (16 March 1879 – 16 February 1919) merupakan seorang diplomat dan ahli politik dari England, United Kingdom.

Beliau merupakan lagi-lagi terhadap hubungan Empayar British dengan Timur Tengah semasa Perang Dunia Pertama. Beliau merupakan penggubal bersama Perjanjian Sykes-Picot yang membahagikan tawanan kekuasaan Uthmaniyah dalam kalangan pihak Barat serta seorang perunding utama dalam Perisytiharan Balfour.

Awal hidup

Mark lahir di Westminster, London; beliau anak tunggal kepada Baronet Tatton Sykes dan Christina Anne Jessica Cavendish-Bentinck.[1] Terdapat catatan bahawa kedua-dua ibubapanya berkahwin secara dirancang ketat oleh ibu Christina, malah kedua-dua Tatton dan Christina hidup dalam keadaan tidak bahagia kerana hutang-piutang besar dialami Christina. Tatton berpisah secara rasmi dengan Christina semasa Mark masih kecil setelah Tatton berjaya menyelesaikan hutang ini.

Mark membahagikan masanya bersama ibunya di London dan ayahnya yang menduduki suatu estet seluas 34,000 ekar (120 km²) di Sledmere House, East Riding of Yorkshire. Mark dibesarkan dalam anutan Gereja Katolik dari usia tiga tahun.[2] Beliau sering mengikuti ayahnya mengembara ke Timur Tengah terutamanya ke Empayar Uthmaniyah semasa musim sejuk.

Pendidikan

Beliau melanjutkan pengajiannya di Beaumont College dan Jesus College, Cambridge,[3] namun beliau tidak berjaya menyempurnakan pengajian tersebut.[2]

Kerjaya diplomat

Pengalamannya dalam Timur Tengah antara tahun-tahun 1906 dan 1913 ada diabadikan dalam suatu buku dikarangnya iaitu The Caliphs' Last Heritage: A Short History of the Turkish Empire.[4][5]

Kerjasama dengan Georges-Picot

Keterlibatan dalam pasukan rundingan Balfour

Senja hidup

Beliau meninggal akibat influenza di sebuah bilik Hôtel Le Lotti Taman Tuileries pada 16 Februari 1919 ketika berusia 39 tahun semasa pandemik penyakit ini berleluasa di seluruh dunia. Mayatnya dibawa kembali ke kediaman Sledmere House dan dikebumikan di pekarangan Gereja Anglikan St. Mary.

Mayat beliau dikeluarkan 88 tahun kemudian pada September 2008 untuk tujuan penyelidikan oleh sepasukan saintis jangkitan dengan izin waris-warisnya;[6] ia semasa merebaknya virus H1N1 iaitu suatu mutasi influenza ini. Maka, pasukan ini mengambil sampel partikel influenza serta mengkaji kesan jangkitan yang mungkin boleh membantu dalam menangani wabak-wabak akan datang, lagi-lagi apabila mayat Sykes disimpan dalam suatu keranda dilapisi plumbum. Keranda tersebut didapati sudah terbelah lalu membenarkan tanah masuk menguraikan mayat Sykes sehingga sukar dikenalpasti. Walau bagaimanapun, pasukan tersebut masih dapat mengambil sampel tisu otak dan peparu mayat beliau di tempat pengembumian.[7]

Bibliografi

Bukan cereka
  • Dar-Ul-Islam (The Home of Islam, 1904)
  • Through Five Turkish Provinces (1900)
  • The Caliphs' Last Heritage: A Short History of the Turkish Empire (1915)[4][5]
Cereka
  • D'Ordel's Pantechnicon (1904 - terbitan parodi majalah semasa dengan ilustrasi oleh Edmund Sandars;
  • D'Ordel's Tactics and Military Training (1904 - parodi Infantry Drill Book of 1896, bersama Sandars)

Rujukan

  1. ^ "Index entry". FreeBMD. ONS. Dicapai pada 20 November 2016.
  2. ^ a b "Sykes, Sir Mark". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (ed. online). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/36394. (langganan atau keahlian perpustakaan awam United Kingdom diperlukan)
  3. ^ Fromkin, David (1989). A Peace to End All Peace. New York: Owl Books. m/s. 146. ISBN 978-0-8050-6884-9.
  4. ^ a b "The Caliphs' Last Heritage complete online text". Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 4 March 2016. Dicapai pada 11 September 2014.
  5. ^ a b "The Caliphs' Last Heritage bibliographical information".
  6. ^ "Body exhumed in fight against flu". BBC. 16 September 2008. Dicapai pada 16 September 2008.
  7. ^ BBC Four documentary. In Search of Spanish Flu

Sumber utama

Manuskrip
  • Mark Sykes Papers – Hull University
  • Sir Mark Sykes Papers – Middle East Centre, St Anthony's College, Oxford.
Media lain
  • Adelson, Roger D. (1975). Mark Sykes: Portrait of an Amateur. London: Jonathan Cape.
  • Barr, James (2011). A Line in the Sand: Britain, France, and the Struggle that Shaped The Middle East. London: Simon & Schuster.
  • Daly, M.W. (1997). The Sirdar: Sir Reginald Wingate and the British Empire in the Middle East. Philadelphia.
  • Darwin, John (1981). Egypt and the Middle East Imperial Policy in the Aftermath of the War, 1918–22. New York.
  • Fisher, John (2002). Gentleman Spies: Intelligence Agents in the British Empire and Beyond. Stroud.
  • Fromkin, David (1990). A Peace To End All Peace. New York: Avon Books.
  • Kedourie, Elie (1976). England and the Middle East. London.
  • Leslie, Shane (1923). Mark Sykes: His Life and Letters. New York.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Meyer, Karl E. and Shareen Blair Brysac (2008) Kingmakers: the Invention of the Modern Middle East. New York: Norton. pp 94-126.
  • Morris, Benny (2001). Righteous Victims. New York: Vintage Books.
  • Norton, W.W. (2008). Kingmakers: the Invention of the Modern Middle East, Karl E. Meyer and Shareen Blair Brysac. New York.
  • Schneer, Jonathan (2010). The Balfour Declaration: The Origins of the Arab-Israeli Conflict. London: Bloomsbury.
  • Sykes, Christopher Simon (2005). The Big House: The Story of a Country House and Its Family. London: Harper Perennial.
  • Sykes, Christopher Simon (2016). The Man Who Created the Middle East: A Story of Empire, Conflict and the Sykes-Picot Agreement. London: William Collins.
  • Townshend, Charles (2010). When God Made Hell: British invasion of Mesopotamia and the Creation of Iraq, 1914–1921. Faber and Faber.
  • Wallach, Janet (1999). Desert Queen. New York: Anchor Books.
  • Wilson, Trevor, penyunting (1970). The Political Diaries of C.P.Scott 1911–1928. London.

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