Talionas

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Talionas (lot. ius talionis, lex talionis, iš ius 'teisė', talio 'kerštas'; iš gr. talios 'lygus'; taliono teisė, keršto teisė) - leidimas padaryti kaltininkui ribotą pagal apimtį (pvz., lygiai tokią pačią) žalą, kokią kaltininkas padarė aukai. Talionas - archajiškas teisės principas; atsilyginimo rūšis.

Principas žinomas dar iš ankstyvosios antikos teisės šaltinių, kuriuose minimos taisyklės dėl žalos atlyginimo, pareiga laikytis adekvatumo tarp pažeidimo (nusikaltimo) ir atlygio (keršijimo). Senovės teisės kontekste - taliono teisė buvo modernus teisės institutas, kadangi ja buvo apribota keršto teisė; dažnai buvo keršijama nesilaikant kokių nors ribų arba jas nustatant savo nuožiūra. Talionas įtvirtino atsilyginimo ribas - pradžioje leidžiamas kelis kartus didesnė (už kai kurias veikas - iki 10 kartų, pvz., už tam tikras turtines veikas) apimtis, vėliau tik dvigubas dydis, sumažintas iki lygios pažeidimui apimties.

Talionas yra Biblijoje žinomo akis už akį principo porūšis, kai kaltininką leidžiama sužaloti tiek pat, kiek ir buvo sužalotas auka, bet ne daugiau. Talionas skiriasi nuo įvairių keršto formų.

Ius talionis principas buvo įtvirtintas Codex Urnammu (Ur-Nammu valdė apie 2112–2095 m. pr. m. e.): Jei vyras nužudė, vyras turi būti nužudytas. Lipit Ištar teisynas: Jei kieno nors vergas arba vergė pabėgo miesto viduje ir įrodoma, kad jis kito [asmens] namuose išbuvo mėnesį, jis už vergą duos vergą.

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