Baudžiavos panaikinimo reforma

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Baudžiavos panaikinimo reforma1861 metais Rusijos imperijoje įvykdyta reforma, kuria panaikinta baudžiava. Naikinti baudžiavą caras Aleksandras II siūlė jau 1856 m., šiam žingsniui pritarė Lietuvos dvarininkai, sutikę paleisti valstiečius be žemės. Reformos manifestas ir nuostatai (viso 17 įstatymų) caro pasirašyti 1861 m. kovo 3 d., o paskelbti kovo 17-balandžio 14 d.

Reformą nusakančiais įstatymais numatyta asmens laisvė valstiečiams, teisė disponuoti savo turtu, įsigyti turtą, kreiptis į teismą, laisvai kurti šeimą. Taip pat nustatyta valstiečių savivaldos (valsčių, teismo, seniūnijos) tvarka. Žemė liko dvarininkams, bet šie privalėjo leisti valstiečiams naudotis skirtine žeme už lažą ar piniginę duoklę. Duoklė už 1,09 ha lietuviškose gubernijose neturėjo viršyti 3 rublių, lažas – 23 vyro ir moters darbo dienų per metus.

Reformos vykdymas

B. Kustodijevo paveikslas „Manifesto skaitymas (valstiečių išvadavimas)“, 1907 m.

Reformos vykdymui įkurtas Vyriausiasis valstiečių padėties sutvarkymo komitetas, veikęs iki 1882 m. birželio 6 d. Reforma pradėta nuostatinių raštų sudarymu, valstiečiams nustatytas skirtinės žemės dydis, prievolės už naudojimą. Žemės išpirkimo kaina žymiai viršijo rinkos kainą (20-90 %).

Po 1863 m. sukilimo Lietuvoje, Baltarusijoje ir Vakarų Ukrainoje įvesta privaloma išpirka (1863 m. kovo 13 d.), palengvintos išpirkimo sąlygos.

1882 metais teisę išpirkti žemę gavo ir laisvieji žmonės, 1886 m. – amžinieji činšininkai, 1901 m. – sentikiai.

Reformos reikšmė

Reforma buvo labai palanki dvarininkams, kurie iš valstiečių už atleidimą iš baudžiavos išsireikalavo daug naudos, tačiau reforma suteikė teisių valstiečiams, likvidavo feodalinį monopolį, sukūrė sąlygas kapitalistinių santykių formavimuisi.

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