Apvaisinimas in vitro

Apvaisinimas mėgintuvėlyje: sperma įšvirkščiama į kiaušialąstę

Apvaisinimas in vitro (lot. in vitro – stikle, mėgintuvėlyje) – tai pagalbinio apvaisinimo būdas, kurio metu moters kiaušialąstė yra apvaisinama laboratorinėmis sąlygomis, susidariusi zigota palaikoma iki tam tikros savo raidos stadijos, o paskui gemalas įvedamas į gimdos ertmę.[1]

Metodas išvystytas nustačius tokius nevaisingumo atvejus, kai yra visiškas gimdos kaklelio arba kiaušintakio nepraeinamumas, nors kiaušidžių funkcija yra normali (tuomet gaminasi kiaušinėlis, kurio negali pasiekti spermatozoidai). Dabar apvaisinimas mėgintuvėlyje yra taikomas ir esant kitokioms nevaisingumo priežastims.

Apvaisinimą in vitro sugalvojo anglai, todėl pirmasis kūdikis, kuris buvo pradėtas mėgintuvėlyje (Luiza Braun), gimė Didžiojoje Britanijoje 1978 metų liepos 25 d., naudojant cezario pjūvį.[2] Iki 2023 m. pasaulyje naudojant šį metodą yra gimę apie 12 mln. vaikų.[3]

Technologija

Subrendusi kiaušialąstė vakuuminiu būdu yra išimama iš kiaušidės, patalpinama į indą su specialiu skysčiu, ten apvaisinama vyro spermijais ir paskui yra įvedama į gimdą, kur užsimezga vaisius. Metodo veiksmingumas kol kas yra gana žemas – iki 30 % (JK duomenimis),[3] todėl siekiant didesnės sėkmės garantijos, apvaisinimui imamos kelios kiaušialąstės, kurios visos apvaisinamos vienu metu, o susidarę gemalai užšaldomi. Į moters gimdą gemalų implantacijos vykdomos tol, kol pasiekiamas norimas rezultatas, arba iki kol baigiasi pagaminti gemalai. Jei nėštumas pavyksta iš paties pirmo karto – likę gemalai sunaikinami, nebent moteris sutinka sumokėti už jų saugojimą užšaldytoje būsenoje, arba duoda leidimą embrionus panaudoti moksliniams tyrimams (kadangi tai reiškia naujos gyvybės sunaikinimą, kai kuriose valstybėse tai nėra leidžiama; pvz., Italijoje tokia procedūra yra griežtai reglamentuota, ir pagalbiniu būdu apvaisinti leidžiama ne daugiau kaip 3 kiaušialąstes, kurios visos vienu metu po to įsodinamos moteriai į gimdą). Kadangi procedūra brangi, daugėja atvejų kai gimsta dvynukai. Anksčiau buvo įprasta iš karto naudoti 4 apvaisintas kiaušialąstes, dabar panašus sėkmės rodiklis pasiekiamas ir su 2 kiaušialąstėmis.[1]

Šaltiniai

  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 „In vitro fertilization“. Britannica. 2024-02-22. Nuoroda tikrinta 2024-02-22.
  2. ↑ Walsh, Fergus (14 July 2008). „30th birthday for first IVF baby“. BBC. Nuoroda tikrinta 9 August 2020.
  3. ↑ 3,0 3,1 „In vitro fertilisation is struggling to keep up with demand“. The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Nuoroda tikrinta 2024-02-22.

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