Terra Australis

Hemisphaerium Australe in TERRA AVSTRALIS recenter inventa sed nondum plene cognita, globo Ioannis Schöner (1533).

Terra Australis est continens opinabilis qui in tabulis Europaeis inter saecula quintum decimum et duodevicensimum adumbrabatur. Quamquam magna copia terrestris in tabulis divulgatis monstrabatur, Terra Australis per veram talis terrae inspectionem non condita est, sed ex coniectura continentes in Hemisphaerio Septentrionali aequis ponderibus terrae in Hemisphaerio Australi librari debuisse (Wilford 1982:139).

"De Meridianae Continentis ad Javam Majorem accessu" (Gerardus Mercator, Nova et Aucta Orbis Terrae Descriptio ad Usum Navigantium Emendata, 1569). [1]
CHASDIA, sive Australis terra, quam Vulges nautarum di fuego vocat. Olim papagallos dicunt', Gulielmo Postel, Polo aptata Nova Charta Universi, 1578. Quum autem Australis innotuerit portio, quae et totum Mare Pacificum obtegit, et a suppolari motu defendit, illi nomen Chasdiah dabitur... De Chasdiah, insulam esse, quacumque forma sit, dubium non est. Ego quidem ob 600 leucarum, seu 2400 millium passuum littus, quo fere sub aequatore inter Moluccas et Cattigara sive Peru sunt, et ob terras amplas ad occasum Peru sive Australis Atlantidis e regionem Brasileae occiduae, quae in medio fere illo littore est, conquiruntur ab Hispanis, eo quod ibi esse sunt dictae ab Atlanticis, iudico figura esse collo crassiore et oblongo lagenae. Gulielmo Postel, Cosmographicae Disciplinae Compendium, Basel, 1561, pp.1-4, 33.

Ait Cicero: "Cernis autem eandem terram quasi quibusdam redimitam et circumdatam cingulis, e quibus duos maxime inter se diversos et caeli verticibus ipsis ex utraque parte subnixos obriguisse pruina vides, medium autem illum et maximum solis ardore torreri. Duo [cingulis] sunt habitabiles, quorum australis ille, in quo qui insistunt adversa vobis urgent vestigia, nihil ad vestrum genus."[2]

Air Vergilius: "iacet extra sidera tellus, / extra anni solisque vias, ubi caelifer Atlas / axem humero torquet stellis ardentibus aptum."[3] Per viam significatur est ecliptica, per quod mensurat motum solis annuum signa zodiaci, quod ad hoc quod aliquis transitum ultra tropicum Capricorni parte Eclipticæ meridiem.[4]

Saeculo undevicensimo ineunte, Matthaeus Flinders explorator Britannicus nomen Australia ex locutione Terra Australi populo acceptum faciebat, fuisse dicens "nullam probabilitatem" ullius copiae terrestris significantis ad australem Australiae inventuram.[5] Exploraturus est continens Antarctica appellaturus decennia post editionem eius libri de Australia (1814), quem ipse A Voyage to Terra Australis ('Navigatio in Terram Australem') appellaverat, et postquam nomen populo acceptum tulit.

Alia nomina

Terra Australis magnum Hemisphaerii Australis partem occupare videtur. Tabula Mercatoris (1587).
Tabellam hunc seorsun subiunximus ex qua quanta pars orbis austrum versus in hunc usque diem nos lateat perspicuum est. TERRA AUSTRALIS INCOGNITA, Hondius, 1618, pars tabulam AMERICA noviter delineata, auct. Jodoco Hondio, 1618; H. Picard fecit [1640].
Relatio Memorialis, sive libelli fupplicis Majefti Sua oblate per Capitaneum Petrum Ferdinandez de Quir, Super Detectione quartæ Orbis Terrarum parte, cui nomen Australis Incognita, eiusque immensis opibus & fertilitate, Amsterodami : Ex officina Hesselij Gerardi, 1612.[2]
Terra per Petrum Fernandez de Quir recens detecta, olim vero sub nomine Terræ Australis Incongnitæ celebrata, Hessel Gerritsz - tabula orbis integra 1612.
Magnopere imminutae sunt terrae continentis australis in hac tabula Ioannis Ianssonii (1657), ubi locutio Terra Australis Incognita trans regionem Polum Australem sine litoribus definitis amplectens inscribitur.

Nomen Terra Australis erat unum ex nonnullis nominibus quae maximae copiae terrestri in continente Oceania post inventum Europaeanum adhibebatur. Inter nomina huius copiae terrestris opinabilis sunt Terra Australis Ignota, Terra Australis Incognita, Brasilia Australis et Terra Australis Nondum Cognita. Inter rariora continentis nomina sunt Magallanica vel Magellanica ('terra Ferdinandi Magellani'), La Australia del Espíritu Santo (Hispanice, 'terra australis Spiritus Sancti'), et La grande isle de Java (Francice, 'Iava magna insula').

Notio cuiusdam terrae australis ab Aristotele introducta est.[6] Suae notiones deinde a Ptolemaeo saeculo primo expansae sunt, qui credidit Oceanum Indicum terrá ad australem cinctum esse, et terras Hemisphaerii Septentrionalis aequis ponderibus terrae in Hemisphaerio Australi librari debuisse (Wilford 1982: 139).

Ioannes Schoener in tractatu Opusculum Geographicum exposuit:

Brasiliae Australis permaxima regio, versus Antarcticum recenter reperta, nondum autem plene perspecta, se exendens adusque Melacham, & quid ultra. Incolae huius regionis . . . liberis eorum Thomae nomen imponunt.[7]

Nexus interni

Notae

  1. Vide Mercator 1569 world map apud en:wiki
  2. Marci Tulli Ciceronis, Somnium Scipionis, De Re Publica, 6.21.
  3. Vergilius, Aeneidos, VI. 795–7.
  4. Christine R. Johnson, “Renaissance German Cosmographers and the Naming of America”, Past & Present, No. 191 (Maio 2006): 3-43.
  5. Matthew Flinders, A voyage to Terra Australis (Introductio), confirmatus 25 Ianuarii 2013.
  6. Meteorologica Liber II 5, a Brix in capitulo 1 citata.
  7. Johannes Schoener, Opusculum Geographicum, Norimberga, [1533], Pt.II, cap.xx.[1]

Bibliographia

  • Wilford, John Noble. 1982. The Mapmakers: The Story of the Great Pioneers in Cartography from Antiquity to Space Age. Novi Eboraci: Random House. ISBN 0-394-75303-8.

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