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Imago radiorum X pulmonum hominis phthisi continua laborantis.

Phthisis^[1] (a verbo Graeco φθίσις) aut tuberculosis^[2] est frequens et saepe mortifer morbus infectiosus, mycobacteriis variarum specierum, in hominibus plerumque Mycobacterio tuberculosis effectus.^[3]

Robertus Koch, inventor bacilli tuberculosis.

Symptomata phthisis imprimis contagione pulmonum cum tussi, sputo sanguineo nota sunt, sed phthisis non solum pulmones, sed etiam alias corporis partes appetit, cum indiciis morbi febri, sudore nocturno, deminutione ponderis, fatigatione. Communicatur per aerem, cum homines activa tuberculosi infecti tussiunt, sternuunt, vel alioquin salivam per aerem transmittunt.^[4] Plurimae infectiones asymptomaticae et latentes sunt, sed una fere e decem infectionibus latentibus postremo in morbum activum commutatur, qui, nisi curatur, plus centesimas hominum infectorum interficit.

Iam anno 460 a.C.n., Hippocrates de phthise scripsit. Hodie novimus causam huius morbi esse bacterium a Roberto Koch, medico Germano, die 24 Martii anno 1882 inventum.^[5]

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Conferatur pagina principalis: Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis, ut nomen suum indicat, est bacterium cum structuris fungorum (de Graeco μύκης, fungus) similibus, phthisem perficiens. Cum mycobacteria prorsus omnia immobilia tam ab oxygenio pendant, quam ab substantiis organicis, locis destinatis saepius inveniuntur, ut in pulmonibus. Mycobacteria tuberculosis tarde crescunt, a duodecim ad quindecim fere horae ad proximam divisionem necesse sunt, quo fit ut mycobacteria dormientia videri possint. Quin etiam in phagocytis bacteria haec perlonge sine detrimentis maneant.

In aliis animalibus

Mycobacteria multa animalia varia inficiunt, inter quae aves,^[6] rodentia,^[7] et reptilia.^[8] Subspecies autem Mycobacterii tuberculosis raro in feris videtur.^[9] Conatus ad exstirpandam tuberculosim bovinam, Mycobacterio bovis effectam, ex bubus et gregibus cervorum in Nova Zelandia prosper fuit.^[10] Similes autem conatus in Magna Britannia facti minus prosperi fuerunt.^[11]

Tuberculosis

Epidemiologia

Anno 2007, praevalentia phthisis per 100 000 hominum fuit altissima in Africa sub-Saharana, et fuit aliquantulum alta in Asia.^[12].

Terrarum orbe contagio fere immense est: hominum per mycobacterium tuberculosis infecta est circiter tertia pars, ex eis centesimo quindecim in cursibus vitarum suarum in tuberculosem activam incidunt. Praevalentia altissmima in Africa sub-Saharana est (vid. imaginem). Incrementum formarum cum resistentiis multa contra medicamenta observatur. Observatur quoque incrementum incidentiae incrementum numerorum casuum nuntiatorum.

Symptomata et signa

Symptomata phthisis imprimis contagione pulmonum cum tussi, sputo sanguineo nota sunt, sed phthisis non solum pulmones, sed etiam alias corporis partes appetit, cum indiciis morbi febri, sudore nocturno, deminutione ponderis, fatigatione.

Tractatio

Quaeque phthisis activa tractanda est. Tractatio phthisis dicta generalia ut hygiene atque medicamenta ut Isoniazidum, Rifampizinum, Pyrazinamidum, Ethambutolum, Streptomycinum includit.

In arte

Inter scriptores, artifices, musicosque phthisi mortuos, paene omnes iuvenes, sunt Ioannes Boine (1887–1917), Aemilia Brontë (1818–1848), Fridericus Chopin (1810–1849), Antonius Pauli filius Čechov (1860–1904), Georgius Orwell (1903–1950), Sergius Corazzini (1886–1907), Iosephus Giusti (1809–1850), Guido Gozzano (1883–1916), Ioannes Baptista Grazioli (1746–1820), Ioannes Petrus Jacobsen (1847–1885), Ioannes Keats (1795–1821), et Ioannes Baptista Pergolesi (1710–1736). Inter personas in poesi, mythistoria, et fabulis operaticis phthisi moribundas sunt Silvia Iacobi Leopardi, La Dame aux camélias Alexandri Dumas, Violetta in Traviata Iosephi Verdi, Mimi in La Bohème Iacobi Puccini, et Ilju in Fratres Karamazov Theodori Dostoevskij.

Notae

↑ Cels. 3.22.
↑ Everdingen et Eerenbeemt 2012.
↑ Kumar & al. 2007: 516–522.
↑ Konstantinos 2010.
↑ Ex anno 1998 ratio Dies mundialis phthisis facta est.
↑ Shivaprasad & Palmieri 2012.
↑ Reavill & Schmidt 2012.
↑ Mitchell 2012.
↑ Wobeser 2006.
↑ Ryan & al. 2006.
↑ White & al. 2008; Ward & al. 2010.
↑ World Health Organization (2009). "The Stop TB Strategy, case reports, treatment outcomes and estimates of TB burden". Global tuberculosis control: epidemiology, strategy, financing. pp. 187–300. ISBN 978-92-4-156380-2 .
↑ World Health Organization. "WHO report 2008: Global tuberculosis control" .

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