도자마 다이묘

에도 시대
정치
경제
문화
대외 관계

도자마 다이묘(일본어: 外様大名)는 일본 봉건 시대 다이묘(大名)의 출신성분에 따라 나눠진 분류 가운데 하나로, 후다이 다이묘와 대비되어 세키가하라 전투 이후에 도쿠가와 막부를 섬기게 된 다이묘를 가리키는 용어이다.

개요

'도자마(外様)'란 말은 본래 주군의 가문과 주종관계를 가지지만, 정사는 논하지 않고 군사 동원에만 응하며, 주군의 집안에서 혼란이 일어났을 때 주군의 세력에서 이탈하여도 도의적 책임이 없는 가신을 가리킨다.

용어로써의 '도자마'는 무로마치 시대부터 존재했는데, 막부와의 연계가 깊지 않은 다이묘들을 가리켜 '도자마슈(外様衆)'라고 불렀다. 에도 시대에 와서는 세키가하라 전투 이전부터 도쿠가와 막부를 섬겼던 다이묘, 이른바 '후다이(譜代) 다이묘'와 달리 전투 이후에 막부를 섬기게 된 다이묘들을 '도자마 다이묘'라고 부르게 되었다.

도자마 다이묘들 중에는 넓은 영지를 차지한 다이묘들도 많았지만, 기본적으로 에도를 중심으로 하는 간토나 교토·오사카·도카이도 등의 전략적인 요지에는 영지를 가지지 못했고, 에도 시대 초기에는 에도 막부의 경계를 사서 사소한 일에도 검문당하고 개역되는 다이묘도 많았다. 일반적으로 로슈(老中) 등의 막부 각료로서의 요직에는 앉히지 않는다고 여겨졌지만, 쓰시마 후추 번의 소 씨(宗氏)는 전통적으로 조선과의 외교를 전담해왔고, 에도 후기가 되면 마쓰마에번의 마쓰마에 씨(松前氏)와 같이 요직에 종사하는 도자마 다이묘도 나타났다. 또, 도도 씨(藤堂氏)는 도쿠가와 씨의 선봉으로 여겨져 후다이의 필두였던 이이 씨(井伊氏)와 동격이었고, 이케다 씨(池田氏)의 데루마사(輝政) 집안은 친번(親藩) 즉 쇼군 집안의 친척과 동격으로 여겨져 오사카 전투에서 총대장을 맡을 예정이었다고 한다. 같은 도자마 다이묘라도 비교적 이른 시기부터 도쿠가와 씨와 우호 관계가 있던 이케다·구로다·호소카와씨나 세키가하라 전투 후에 따르게 된 모리·시마즈·우에스기 씨와는 그 취급이 달랐다는 설도 있다.

덧붙여 혈연 관계나 공적 등으로 후다이에 준하는 취급을 받은 도자마 다이묘에 대해서는 편의적으로 준(準)후다이 다이묘라고 부르기도 한다. 이들에게 도쿠가와 집안의 성인 마쓰다이라(松平)가 수여되기도 했다. 또 도자마 다이묘의 분가나 별가로 1만 석 이하의 하타모토(旗本)에서 시작해 차츰차츰 제후가 된 경우에는 후다이 다이묘로서 대우되었다.

주요 도자마 다이묘

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