녹조식물

녹조식물문
1904년 에른스트 헤켈의 Kunstformen der Natur에서 "Siphoneae"
1904년 에른스트 헤켈Kunstformen der Natur에서 "Siphoneae"
생물 분류ℹ️
역: 진핵생물
(미분류): 원시색소체생물
(미분류): 녹색식물
문: 녹조식물문
(Chlorophyta)
Reichenbach, 1834;
Pascher[1][2]
[3]

녹조식물(綠藻植物)은 녹색조류[3]녹조식물문(綠藻植物門)에 속하는 식물의 총칭으로, 수중 생태계 광합성 진핵생물의 대부분인 약 7,000여 종[4][5]을 포함한다. 또한 육지식물(선태식물관다발식물)처럼 녹조류는 엽록소 a, b를 가지고 있으며, 색소체녹말[4] 로써 영양분을 저장한다. 이들은 윤조식물유배식물(육지식물)과 관련이 있으며, 함께 녹색식물아계를 구성한다. 이 식물 문은 단세포 종과 다세포 종, 둘 다를 포함한다. 대부분은 담수 환경과 해수 환경에서 많은 수가 살지만, 다른 종들은 다양한 환경에 적응해 산다. 녹조강(Chlorophyceae)의 클라미도모나스 니발리스(Chlamydomonas nivalis)는 여름 고산지대의 만년설 지역에서 산다. 나머지는 바위나 나무의 목질부에 붙어 산다. 일부 지의류는 균류, 녹조류와 공생 관계에 있다. 녹조식물문의 구성원들은 또한 원생동물, 해면동물, 자포동물과 공생 관계를 형성한다. 일부를 편모가 있어서, 운동성을 지니고 있다. 일부는 난형생식을 하거나 동형생식을 통해 생식을 한다.

하위 분류

1995년 Hoek와 Mann과 Jahns에 의한 분류에 의하면 다음과 같다.[4]

Bold와 Wynne에 의한 분류[6]

계통 분류

다음은 원시색소체생물의 계통 분류이다.[7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]

원시색소체생물

회청조식물

홍조식물

녹색식물

녹조식물

스트렙토식물

메소스티그마강

클로로키부스강

클레브소르미디움강

윤조강

콜레오카이테강

접합조강

유배식물

다음은 2011년 렐리아르트(Leliaert) 등이 제안하고,[17] 2016년 실라(Silar)가 수정했으며[18] 2016년 렐리아르트[19]와 2017년 로페스 도스 산토스(Lopes dos Santos) 등의 녹조식물 분류군 연구,[20] 2015년 노비코프(Novíkov)와 바라바스-크라스니(Barabaš-Krasni) 연구,[21] 산체스-바라칼도(Sánchez-Baracaldo) 연구에 기초한 녹조식물 계통 분류이다.[22][23][24]

녹색식물/녹색조류

메소스티그마문

클로로키부스문

스피로타이니아속

녹조식물/
넓은 의미의 담록조류
초록방석말강

프라시노콕쿠스목

초록방석말목

피라미모나스강

마미엘라강

네프로셀미스강

?피크노콕쿠스과

피코키스티스강

클로로피콘강

녹조아문

페디노모나스강

클로로덴드론강

UTC 녹조식물군

트레보욱시아강

갈파래강

녹조강

스트렙토식물

클레브소르미디움강

Phragmoplastophyta

윤조식물

콜레오카이테강

유배식물

접합조강

중간띠먼지말과

각주

  1. Pascher A (1914). “Über Flagellaten und Algen”. 《Berichte der deutsche botanischen Gesellschaft》 32: 136–160. 
  2. Adl SM, Simpson AGB, Farmer MA, Andersen RA, Anderson OR, Barta JR, Bowser SS, Brugerolle G, Fensome RA, Fredericq S, James TY, Karpov S, Kugrens P, Krug J, Lane CE, Lewis LA, Lodge J, Lynn DH, Mann DG, McCourt RM, Mendoza L, Moestrup Ø, Mozley-Standridge SE, Nerad TA, Shearer CA, Smirnov AV, Speigel FW, Taylor MFJR (2005). “The new higher level classification of eukaryotes with emphasis on the taxonomy of protists”. 《Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology》 52: 399–451. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2005.00053.x. 
  3. Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2007). “Phylum: Chlorophyta taxonomy browser”. AlgaeBase version 4.2 World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. 2007년 9월 23일에 확인함. 
  4. Hoek, C. van den, Mann, D.G. and Jahns, H.M. 1995. Algae An Introduction to Phycology. 캠브리지 대학교 출판부, Cambridge. ISBN 0-521-30419-9
  5. “Major Algae Phyla”. 2009년 10월 29일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2009년 10월 31일에 확인함. 
  6. Introduction to the Algae, Second Edition, Prentice Hall NJ
  7. Leliaert, Frederik; Smith, David R.; Moreau, Hervé; Herron, Matthew D.; Verbruggen, Heroen; Delwiche, Charles F.; De Clerck, Olivier (2012). “Phylogeny and Molecular Evolution of the Green Algae” (PDF). 《Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences》 31: 1–46. doi:10.1080/07352689.2011.615705. 
  8. Marin, Birger (2012). “Nested in the Chlorellales or Independent Class? Phylogeny and Classification of the Pedinophyceae (Viridiplantae) Revealed by Molecular Phylogenetic Analyses of Complete Nuclear and Plastid-encoded rRNA Operons”. 《Protist》 163 (5): 778–805. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2011.11.004. PMID 22192529. 
  9. Laurin-Lemay, Simon; Brinkmann, Henner; Philippe, Hervé (2012). “Origin of land plants revisited in the light of sequence contamination and missing data”. 《Current Biology》 22 (15): R593–R594. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2012.06.013. PMID 22877776. 
  10. Leliaert, Frederik; Tronholm, Ana; Lemieux, Claude; Turmel, Monique; DePriest, Michael S.; Bhattacharya, Debashish; Karol, Kenneth G.; Fredericq, Suzanne; Zechman, Frederick W. (2016년 5월 9일). “Chloroplast phylogenomic analyses reveal the deepest-branching lineage of the Chlorophyta, Palmophyllophyceae class. nov”. 《Scientific Reports》 (영어) 6: 25367. Bibcode:2016NatSR...625367L. doi:10.1038/srep25367. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 4860620. PMID 27157793. 
  11. Cook, Martha E.; Graham, Linda E. (2017). Archibald, John M.; Simpson, Alastair G. B.; Slamovits, Claudio H., 편집. 《Handbook of the Protists》 (영어). Springer International Publishing. 185–204쪽. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-28149-0_36. ISBN 9783319281476. 
  12. Lewis, Louise A.; Richard M. McCourt (2004). “Green algae and the origin of land plants” (abstract). 《American Journal of Botany》 91 (10): 1535–1556. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.10.1535. PMID 21652308. 
  13. Ruhfel, Brad R.; Gitzendanner, Matthew A.; Soltis, Pamela S.; Soltis, Douglas E.; Burleigh, J. Gordon (2014년 2월 17일). “From algae to angiosperms–inferring the phylogeny of green plants (Viridiplantae) from 360 plastid genomes”. 《BMC Evolutionary Biology》 14: 23. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-14-23. ISSN 1471-2148. PMC 3933183. PMID 24533922. 
  14. Adl, Sina M.; Simpson, Alastair G. B.; Lane, Christopher E.; Lukeš, Julius; Bass, David; Bowser, Samuel S.; Brown, Matthew W.; Burki, Fabien; Dunthorn, Micah (2012년 9월 1일). “The Revised Classification of Eukaryotes”. 《Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology》 (영어) 59 (5): 429–514. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2012.00644.x. ISSN 1550-7408. PMC 3483872. PMID 23020233. 
  15. Lemieux, Claude; Otis, Christian; Turmel, Monique (2007년 1월 12일). “A clade uniting the green algae Mesostigma viride and Chlorokybus atmophyticus represents the deepest branch of the Streptophyta in chloroplast genome-based phylogenies”. 《BMC Biology》 5: 2. doi:10.1186/1741-7007-5-2. ISSN 1741-7007. PMC 1781420. PMID 17222354. 
  16. Umen, James G. (2014년 11월 1일). “Green Algae and the Origins of Multicellularity in the Plant Kingdom”. 《Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology》 (영어) 6 (11): a016170. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a016170. ISSN 1943-0264. PMC 4413236. PMID 25324214. 
  17. Leliaert F, Verbruggen H, Zechman FW (2011년 9월). “Into the deep: new discoveries at the base of the green plant phylogeny”. 《BioEssays》 33 (9): 683–92. doi:10.1002/bies.201100035. PMID 21744372. 
  18. Silar, Philippe (2016). “Protistes Eucaryotes: Origine, Evolution et Biologie des Microbes Eucaryotes”. 《HAL Archives-ouvertes》: 1–462. 
  19. Leliaert F, Tronholm A, Lemieux C, Turmel M, DePriest MS, Bhattacharya D, Karol KG, Fredericq S, Zechman FW, Lopez-Bautista JM (May 2016). “Chloroplast phylogenomic analyses reveal the deepest-branching lineage of the Chlorophyta, Palmophyllophyceae class. nov”. 《Scientific Reports》 6 (1): 25367. Bibcode:2016NatSR...625367L. doi:10.1038/srep25367. PMC 4860620. PMID 27157793. 
  20. Lopes Dos Santos A, Pollina T, Gourvil P, Corre E, Marie D, Garrido JL, Rodríguez F, Noël MH, Vaulot D, Eikrem W (2017년 10월). “Chloropicophyceae, a new class of picophytoplanktonic prasinophytes”. 《Scientific Reports》 7 (1): 14019. Bibcode:2017NatSR...714019L. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-12412-5. PMC 5656628. PMID 29070840. 
  21. Novikoff A, Barabasz-Krasny B (2015). 《Modern plant systematics》. Liga-Pres. 685쪽. doi:10.13140/RG.2.1.4745.6164. ISBN 978-966-397-276-3. 
  22. Sánchez-Baracaldo P, Raven JA, Pisani D, Knoll AH (2017년 9월). “Early photosynthetic eukaryotes inhabited low-salinity habitats”. 《Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America》 114 (37): E7737–E7745. doi:10.1073/pnas.1620089114. PMC 5603991. PMID 28808007. 
  23. Gitzendanner MA, Soltis PS, Wong GK, Ruhfel BR, Soltis DE (2018년 3월). “Plastid phylogenomic analysis of green plants: A billion years of evolutionary history”. 《American Journal of Botany》 105 (3): 291–301. doi:10.1002/ajb2.1048. PMID 29603143. 
  24. Rockwell NC, Martin SS, Li FW, Mathews S, Lagarias JC (2017년 5월). “The phycocyanobilin chromophore of streptophyte algal phytochromes is synthesized by HY2”. 《The New Phytologist》 214 (3): 1145–1157. doi:10.1111/nph.14422. PMC 5388591. PMID 28106912. 

추가 문헌

  • Burrows, E.M. 1991. Seaweeds of the British Isles. Volume 2 Chlorophyta. Natural History Museum, London. ISBN 0-565-00981-8
  • Lewis, L. A. & McCourt, R. M. (2004). “Green algae and the origin of land plants”. 《미국식물학회》 91 (10): 1535–1556. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.10.1535. 

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