여진어

여진어
사용 지역 과거의 만주 일대와 청나라
사용 민족 여진족
사멸 17세기 만주어로 발전
언어 계통 퉁구스어족
 남부 퉁구스어파
  여진어군
   여진어
언어 부호
ISO 639-3 juc 여진어
글로톨로그 jurc1239[1]

여진어(女眞語)는 여진족들이 사용하던 언어로, 퉁구스어족 계열의 언어이다. 현재는 쓰이지 않는 사어(死語)로, 이후 건주여진 방언을 중심으로 만주어가 형성된 것으로 여겨진다.

계통

퉁구스어족에 속하며 만주어의 직계 조상에 해당한다고 여겨진다.[2]

여진 문자로 기록된 금대의 표준 여진어는 흑수말갈 아십하(阿什河) 유역의 완안부 방언에서 발전한 것으로 추정된다. 중국 만주지역에 잔존한 여진족은 각자의 방언을 계승하였다.

음운

자음

명대 여진어의 자음 체계는 다음과 같다.[3]

순음 설첨음 경구개음 연구개음 구개수음
파열음 경음 t k q
연음 b d g γ
마찰음 f s š h x
파찰음 경음 č
연음 ǰ
비음 m n ŋ (ŋ)
유음 l
전동음 r
접근음 w y

구개수음 q, γ, x는 모음 a, o, u 앞에서만 나타나며 각각 k, g, h의 변이음이다.

모음

명대 여진어의 모음조화에 따른 모음 분류는 다음과 같다.[3]

후설 모음 a o
전설 모음 e
중립 모음 i u

표기 체계

1119년에 완성된 여진 문자가 여진어를 표기하는 데 사용되었다. 이는 한자계의 문자이면서도 거란 문자의 영향을 받아 독자적인 특징들을 가지고 있었다. 연해주 남부 및 중국의 만주 지역에서의 발굴 시에 진흙용기, 청동거울 및 기타 물품들에서 여진어를 찾을 수 있었다. 묘비 및 돌 등에 새겨진 문자들은 잘 알려져 있다.

방언

금이 망한 뒤 명대에는 다음 네 가지 방언이 있었을 것으로 여겨진다.

  • 동해여진어 - 우수리강 주변 야인여진의 방언. 나중에 만주어 동음(東音)으로 발전한다.
  • 흑룡강여진어 - 헤이룽장강 일대 야인여진의 방언. 나중에 만주어 북음(北音)으로 발전한다.
  • 해서여진어 - 해서여진의 방언. 나중에 건주여진어와 합쳐진다.
  • 건주여진어 - 건주여진의 방언. 나중에 만주어 남음(南音)으로 발전하며 청대 표준 만주어의 원형이다.

참고 문헌

  • Herbert Franke, Denis Twitchett, Alien Regimes and Border States, 907–1368. The Cambridge History of China, vol 6. Cambridge University Press, 1994. ISBN 0-521-24331-9. Partial text on Google Books
  • Wilhelm Grube, Die Sprache und Schrift der Jučen. Leipzig: Otto Harrassowitz, 1896. [1]
  • Daniel Kane, The Sino-Jurchen Vocabulary of the Bureau of Interpreters. (Uralic and Altaic Series, Vol. 153). Indiana University, Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies. Bloomington, Indiana, 1989. ISBN 0-933070-23-3.
  • Gisaburo N. Kiyose, A Study of the Jurchen Language and Script: Reconstruction and Decipherment. Kyoto: Horitsubunka-sha, 1977. ISBN 4-589-00794-0.
  • Певнов А. М. Чжурчжэньский язык // Языки мира: Тунгусо-маньчжурские языки. М., 1997.

각주

  1. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian, 편집. (2023). 〈Jurchen〉. 《Glottolog 4.8》. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 
  2. 鋤田智彦 (2019년 3월 15일). “清代における言語接触”. 《岩手大学人文社会科学部創立40周年記念国際シンポジウム報告書》 (岩手大学人文社会科学部): 50–51. 
  3. N., Kiyose, Gisabuō (1977). 《A study of the Jurchen language and script.》. 

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