Wonten tigang spésies ingkang kedah dipunmangertosi saking jinising cacing pitaTaenia, inggih punika Taenia solium, Taenia saginata, kaliyan jinis Taenia asiatica.[2][3] Tingang spésies cacing pita punika dipunpitadosi dados kéwan kang kedah dipunmangertosi amargi saged damel manungsa sami lelara, lelara punika inggih punika ingkang dipunsebat taeniasis kaliyan sistiserkosis.[2]. Bèntenipun antarspesies cacing pita Taenia saged dipunpirsani wonten ing Tabel 1 ngandhap.
Tabel 1. Bèntenipun Taenia solium, Taenia saginata kaliyan Taenia asiatica
Cacing pita Taenia ingkang sampun diwasa urip ing ususmanungsa dados induk semang definitif.[4] Segmen awaké cacing iki bakal medal piyambak saking anusmanungsa manawi sampun mateng kaliyan ngandhut tigan, ugi saged kanthi cara pasif inggih punika bebarengan kaliyan feses manungsa.[4] Manawi manungsa punika dados inang definitif, inang sawatara saking kéwan punika inggih punika (sapi kaliyan babi) manawi boten sengaja ngeleg tigan saking kéwan cacing punika, tigan punika
bakal nètès embrio (onchosphere) ingkang mengké saged nembus dindingusus.[4]Embriocacing ingkang tumut sirkulasigetih limfe bakal urip lajeng dados sistiserkosis ingkang infektif wonten ing lebètipun otot tartemtu.[4]Otot ingkang paling asring kaserang sistiserkus inggih punika otot jantung, diafragma, ilat, otot kanggé nguyah, laladan esofagus, gulu kaliyan otot ingkang wonten ing balungrusuk.[6]
Infeksi utawa lelara amargi Taenia dipunsebat ugi Taeniasis kaliyan Sistiserkosis.[1]Taeniasis inggih punika lelara amargi parasit cacing pita ingkang kagolong gènus Taenia, saged nular saking kéwan dhumateng manungsa, utawi sawalikipun.[7] Lelara taeniasis ingkang kadadosan wonten ing manungsa punika dipunsebabakén déning spésies Taenia solium utawi kaloka ugi cacing pita babi[7], nanging Taenia saginata langkung kawentar kanthi nama cacing pita sapi.[7][8]
Sistiserkosis, lelara infeksi ingkang kadadosan dhumateng manungsa punika nyerang jaringan.[2] Ingkang damel lelara punika nuninggih larvaTaenia (sistiserkus), amargi naté wonten tigancacingTaenia solium ingkang boten sengaja dielěg (cacing pita babi).[2]Cacing pita babi saged njalari sistiserkosis déning manungsa, nanging cacing pita sapi boten kados punika. Cacing pita ingkang wonten ing sapi punika boten saged njalari sistiserkosis déning manungsa.[7] Nanging, kanggé cacing pita jinis Taenia asiatica, para ahli dèrèng aged mestikaké saged boten damel manungsa lelara sistiserkosis.[3] Terdapat dugaan bahwa Taenia asiatica merupakan penyebab sistiserkosis di Asia.[3]
Lelara taeniasis saged nyerang manungsa manawi naté dhahar dagingsapi utawa babi ingkang dèrèng mateng uatawi satengah mateng, daging punika jebul ngandut sistiserkus, sistiserkus punika lajeng dados Taenia diwasa wonten ing lebetipun usus manungsa.[6] Benten malih kaliyan manungsa ingkang gadhah lelara sistiserkosis, infeksi punika saged amarga ngeleg dhaharan utawi unjukan ingkang ngandhut endhogTaenia solium.[9]
Lelara punika uga saged kadhadosan amarga wonten prosès infeksiipun piyambak saking individu ingkang sakit, kados muntah nanging ngeleg manèh untahanipun.[10].
Sumber panularan cacing pita Taenia dhumateng manungsa inggih punika
[11]
Lelara taeniasis piyambak dipunsebabaken amarga kotoranipun ngandhut endhog utawi segmen saking awaké (proglotid) cacing pita.
Kéwan, kaya ta babi kaliyan sapi ingkang ngandhut larva cacing pita (sistisekus).
Dhaharan, unjukan kaliyan waladan ingkang regèd amargi wonten tiganipun cacing pita.
Panyebaran
Panyebaranipun wonten ing Donya
Cacing pita Taenia kasebar wonten ing donya.[7]. Kasus panyebaranipun langkung asring dipunngertosi wonten ing tlatah tropis amargi kathah jawah kaliyan iklimipun ingkang cocog kanggé perkembanganipun parasit cacing punika.[12] Taeniasis kaliyan sistiserkosis ingkang dipunsebabaken infeksi cacing pita babi Taenia solium.[12][13] Salah sawijining zoonosis, wonten ning laladan ingkang masarakatipun asring ndhahari daging babi kaliyan gadhah sanitasilingkungan ingkang boten saé, kados ta tlatah Asia Tenggara, India, Afrika Selatan, kaliyan tlatah Amérika Latin.[13] Ya iku kasus Taenia ning nagara tropis bisa dideleng ning Tabel 2.
Tabel 2. Kasus Infeksi Cacing PitaTaenianing Nagara Tropis
Salah sawijining bukti penyebaranipun infeksi Taenia wonten ing tlatah tropis punika kapanggih spésies cacing-cacing tiga wau, cacing ingkang saged penyebabaken lelara taeniasis dhumateng manungsa wonten ing nagara Asia ingkang kawentar kanthi nama Taiwan Taenia utawa Asian Taenia.[19]. Asian Taenia dilapuraken sampun naté kapanggih wonten ing nagara-nagaraAsia ingkang padatanipun gadhah cuaca tropis kaya ta Indonésia, Thailand, Malaysia, Filipina, Koréa kaliyan nagara Cina.[20] Kini Asian Taenia ingaran Taenia asiatica[21]. Kadadian T. asiatica kang sok ning PulauSamosir, Indonésia.
[17]
Sistiserkosis punika infeksi ingkang asring kapanggih wonten ing kéwan babi kaliyan manungsa tarutami wonten ing nagara kang taksih tumuwuh.[3] Panyebaran sistiserkus wonten ing manungsa kadadosan amargi wonten kontak watara kéwan babi kaliyan feses manungsa.[4] Infeksi punika boten namung dijalarani wontenipun pameriksaan keséhatandaging nalika nyembelih, kaliyan konsumsidagingmentah utawa setengah mateng.[6] Panyebaran lelara punika nyebar amargi Taenia saged mroduksi puluwan ngantos atusan sewutigan nggal dintenipun, tigan ingkang bisa disebar déning toyajawah dhateng tlatah reged ngantos panggènan ingkang tebih.[4]
Panyebarané ning Indonésia
Infeksi cacing pita Taenia asring wonten ing Indonésia punika kadadosan ing Provinsi Papua.
[22]
saking KabupatènJayawijayaPapua, Indonésia kapanggih 66,3% (106 tiyang saking 160 responden) positif lara taeniasis solium/sistiserkosis selulosae saking babi[3]. Sewetara wonten 28,3% tiyang ingkang lelara sistiserkosis ngantos katingal kaliyan saged diraba saking benjolanipun, benjolan ingkang wonten ing ngandhapipun kulit[3]. 18,6% kathahipun (30 tiyang) ingkang kena lelara sistiserkosis selulosae, sampun naté nedahaken tandha-tandha epilepsi[3]. Saking 257 pasien ingkang gadhah lelara borok kobongan ning Papua, 82,8% kathahipun tiyang ingkang sakit epilepsi amargi wonten sistiserkosis wonten ing utek.[3]Prevalensi sistiserkosis wonten ing manungsa sami kémawon kados prekawis ingkang dipunpretelakaken nalika pameriksan serologis masarakat.[3] Wonten ing Bali, pameriksaan punika ngantos 5,2% nganti 21%, nanging prevalensi taeniasis wonten ing provinsi punika ngantos watara 0,4%-23%.[17] Kathahipun ngantos 13,5% (10 saking 74 tiyang) pasien ingkang naté sakit epilepsi ing Bali dipundiagnosa gadhah sakit sistiserkosis ing utek.[23]
Prevalensi taeniasis T. asiatica ing Sumatra Lor watara 1,9%-20,7%.[17] Kasus T. asiatica ing Provinsi punika padatanipun dipunsebabaken déning konsumsi dagingbabi hutan ingkang boten dipunmasak ngantos mateng.[17]
Cacing pita Taenia saged ndamel lelara ingkang dipunsebat taeniasis kaliyan sistiserkosis. Tandha-tandha klinis paling akèh ingkang damel ngresula punika[14]:
Nyeri ing padharan, ngantuk, sarta kejang-kejang, gelisah, gatel-gatel ing kulit kaliyan gangguwan nalika ambegan (<1%).
Sistiserkosis punika njalari tandha-tandha utawi efek ingkang warna-warna sesuai kaliyan lokasiparasit ing awak.[4] Manungsa kang kening siji nganti atusan sistiserkus ing jaringan awak kang béda-béda.[4] Sistiserkus dhmateng manungsa asring pinanggih ing utek (dipunsebat neurosistiserkosis), mata, otot kaliyan lapisan andhapipun kulit[17].
Amargi lelara punika kagolong lelara ingkang paling dipunajrihi ugi mbebayani, amargi larva cacing Taenia utawi neurosistiserkosis punika saged damel kepaten.[24] Neurosistiserkosis inggih punika infeksi sistem saraf punjer amarga sistiserkus saka larva Taenia solium. Neurosistiserkosis punika faktor risiko ingkang njalari stroke saged kadadosan déning manungsa ingkang taksih enem[25], epilepsi dan kelainan padha cumplung.[8] Sistiserkosis punika ingkang njalari 1% kepaten ing rumah sakit umum ing Meksiko City lan penyebab 25% tumorutek[8].
Caranipun Ngendalikaké Cacing Pita
Caranipun ngendalikaké cacing pitaTaenia inggih punika medhotaké siklus urip saka kéwan parasit punika.[8] Wonten obat cacing ingkang saged dipunagem, inggih punika Atabrin, Librax kaliyan Niclosamide [5] dan Praziquantel [17]. Nanging, kanggo nambani sistiserkosis bisa digunakaké Albendazole lan Dexamethasone.[26] Kangge ngirangi wontenipun infeksi déning Taenia dhumateng manungsa utawi kéwan dipunperlukaken paningkatan daya tahan awak. Prekawis punika saged dilakoni liwat vaksinasi maring kéwan ingon, kaya ta babi ning laladan endemis taeniasis/sistiserkosis sarta paningkatan kualitas lan kacukupan gizi ning manungsa.
[27]Panggonan kang resik uga perlu kanggo medhot siklus uripé Taenia amarga panggonan kang reged dadi sumber penyebarané lelara. Faktor risiko utama transmisi endhog Taenia maring babi ya iku ngingu babi kanthi ekstensif, defekasi manungsa ning cedhaké manungsa ngingu babi, nganti babi mangani kotoranipun manungsa lan ngingu babi cedhak karo panggonané manungsa.[28] Prekawis ingkang sami uga kadadosan nalika transmisi endhog Taenia maring sapi. Endhog cacing iki bisa kegawa déning toya nganti tekan ing panggonan kang teles nganti endhog cacing luwih suwi urip lan nyebar tekan ngendi-ngendi.[4]
Kontrol lelara amarga Taenia ning lingkungan bisa dilakoni kanthi cara ngundhakaké sarana sanitasi, nyegah konsumsidaging kang terkontaminasi, nyegah kontaminasi lemah lan tinja ning panganan lan minuman.[28] Mbangun sarana sanitasi, misalé kakus lan septic tank, sarta nyediakaké banyu bersih kang diperlukaké. nyegah konsumsi daging kang terkontaminasi bisa dilakoni nalika nyembelih kéwan ingon ning rumah potong hewan (RPH) ingkang diawasi déning dhokter kéwan.[29]
Réferènsi
↑ abcdeS, Kusumamihardja (1992). Parasit dan Parasitosis padha Hewan Ternak Piaraan di Indonésia . Bogor: Pusat Antar Universitas Bioteknologi Institut Pertanian Bogor.
↑ abcdWandra, T., A. Ito, H. Yamasaki, T. Suroso, dan S. S. Margono. 2003. Taenia solium Cysticercosis, Irian Jaya, Indonésia. Journal of Emerging Infectious Disease 9 (7): 884-885.
↑ abcdefghijkSatrija, F. 2005. Helmintologi: Ciri Umum dan Morfologi Helminth. Bogor: Departemen Ilmu Lelara Hewan dan Keséhatan Masarakat Veteriner, Fakultas Kedhokteran Hewan, Institut Pertanian Bogor. Hal 1-5
↑ abDharmawan, N. S. 2004.
Taenia asiatica: Wujud Ketiga Cacing Pita Taenia. Jurnal Veteriner 5 (4).
↑ abcGomes, A. B. K. A. Soares, E. C. Bueno, N. M. Espindola, A. A. Maia, R. H. Peralta, A. J. Vaz. 2007. Comparative Evaluation of Different Immunoassays for the Detection of Taenia solium Cysticercosis in Swine with Low Parasite Burden. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Jaineiro 102 (6): 725-731.
↑ abcdeGrove, D. I. 1990. A History of Human Helminthology. United Kingdom: CAB International.
↑ abcdAcha, P. N., dan B. Szyfres. 2003. Zoonoses and Communicable Diseases Common to Man and Animals 3rd Edition Volume III Parasitoses. Washington: Pan American Health Organization. Masalah sitiran: Tenger <ref> ora trep; jeneng "Acha" diwedharaké ping bola-bali déné isiné béda
↑ abSuroso, T., S. S. Margono, T. Wandra, dan A. Ito. (2006). "Challenges for Control of Taeniasis/Cysticercosis in Indonésia". Parasitology International. 55: 161–165. doi:10.1016/j.parint.2005.11.025.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
↑Arimbawa, M., I. K. Kari, dan N. S. Laksminingsih. 2004. Neurocysticercosis. Pediatrica Indonésiana 44 (7-8): 165-170.
↑ abcdefgWandra, T., A. A. Depary, P. Sutisna, S. S. Margono, T. Suroso, M. Okamoto, P. S. Craig, dan A. Ito (2006). "Taeniasis and Cysticercosis in Bali and North Sumatra, Indonésia". Parasitology International. 55: 155–160. doi:10.1016/j.parint.2005.11.024.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
↑Galan-Purchades, M. T., dan M. V. Fuentes. 2000. The Asian Taenia and The Possibility of Cysticercosis. Korean Journal of Parasitology 38 (1): 1-7.
↑Bowles, J., lan D. P. McManus. 1994. Genetic Characterization of the Asian Taenia, A Newly Described Taeniid Cestodes of Human. American Journal Trop Med Hyg 50:33-34.
↑Ito, A., M. Nakao, T. Wandra, T. Suroso, M. Okamoto, H. Yamasaki, Y. Sako, dan K. Nakaya. 2005. Taeniasis and Cysticercosis in Asia and The Pacific. Southest Asian J Trop Med Public Health 36(4): 123-130.
↑Margono, S. S., T. Wandra, dan T. Suroso (2001). "Cysticercosis in Indonésia: Epidemiological Aspects". Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health . 32 (2): 79–84.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
↑Townes, J.M., C. J. Hoffmann, lan M. A. Kohn. 2004. Neurocysticercosis in Oregon 1995-2000. Journal of Emerging Infectious Disease 10 (3): 508-510
↑Alacron, F., dan K. Vanormelingen. 1992. Cerebral Cysticercosis as a Risk Factor Stroke in Young and Middle-Aged People. Stroke Journal 23 (11):1563-1565.
↑Ahmad, F. U., dan B. S. Sharma (2007). "Treatment of Intramedullary Spinal Cysticercosis: Report of 2 Cases and Review of Literature". Surgical Neurology. 67 (74–77). doi:10.1016/j.surneu.2006.03.034.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
↑Pawlowski, Z., J. Allan, dan E. Sarti (2005). "Control of Taenia solium Taeniasis/Cysticercosis: From research towards Implementation". Journal of Parasitology. 35: 1221–1232. doi:10.1016/j.ijpara.2005.07.015.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
↑ abEddi, C., B. Katalin, L. Juan, A. William, S. Andrew, B. Daniela,
lan D. Joseph. 2006. Veterinary Public Health Activities at FAO: Cysticercosis and Echinococcosis. Parasitology Int 55: S305-S308.
↑Rotinsulu DA. 2008. Strategi Global Keséhatan Masarakat Veteriner dalam Pengendalian Taeniasis/Sistiserkosis sebagai Re-emerging Foodborne Zoonoses Laladan Tropis. Karya Tulis. Bogor: Institut Pertanian Bogor. Halaman 22
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