農具

農具(のうぐ、: farm tool(s)) は、農機具のうち農業用の道具類の総称[1]

概説

農業生産での労働の技術的補助手段を総称して農機具という[1]。農機具は広義の農具と農業用の機械とに大別される[1]。広義の農具には金槌や鋸のように必ずしも用途が農業に限定されない一般道具と鍬や鎌のように主な用途が農業目的の農用道具(狭義の農具)がある[1]

農具はを掘り返したり、農作物収穫したり、脱穀するときなどに使われる。農具には人力で用いるもの(つまり人が手や脚で使うもの)と、畜力を用いるもの(つまり使役動物、たとえばロバ等に引かせるもの)がある。

先進国では内燃機関などを用いた様々な農業機械が作られるようになりそれが農作業の主要な手段となっているが、それ以外の多くの国々(=開発途上国)では現在でも主として人力や畜力の農具に依存して農作業が行われている。

農具の歴史

焼き畑農業のような最も原始的な農業でも、棒きれのようなものが農具として使われ、土を掘り返すのに使われた。これは、タロットにも登場し、「ワンド」と呼ばれる。タロットがトランプに発展してからは、これは「クラブ」になった。もはや、直接農具を表示していないが、クラブは農民の意味で用いられる。

フランス革命前夜の『百科全書』では、大項目主義の他に、新しい技術の革新やそのしくみの図解などが多数取り入れられたが、新しい農機具もその中に含まれている。

主要な農具

鋤。spade スペード。
唐箕
耕うん・整地
  • (すき)
  • (からすき)
  • 踏み鋤
  • (くわ)
  • 掘り棒(原始的な農具。まだ犂や鍬を持たない段階で、かろうじて浅く耕すことを可能にした道具。踏み鋤以前の道具。)
  • 耕耘機
水運び、揚水
収穫
  • (かま)
  • 石包丁、石鎌(日本で昔、穂首を切り取るために用いた)
  • 指につける穂刈り用ナイフ
  • (くわ。「掘りとり」の道具として用いる場合)
脱穀

脚注

  1. ^ a b c d 福田稔. “農業機械化の経済的意義に関する研究”. 岡山大学. 2019年11月14日閲覧。
  2. ^ a b 愛知県豊田市本地新田郷土資料館
  3. ^ 農機具データベース

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