宋明理学

宋明理学(そうみんりがく)は、中国の宋代から明代にかけて流行した思想を指す言葉で、朱子学陽明学のこと[1]。宋以後の思想史の中で最も重要な位置を占める[1]。宋代・明代の儒学を代表するテーマが「」であることからその名がつき、単に「理学」とも呼ばれる。

その新しい思想傾向を強調して「新儒教」とも称され[2]、英語では Neo-Confucianism と訳される(現代の新儒家(現代新儒学)とは別物である)。また、宋明理学のうち、北宋南宋の学術は特に宋学と呼ばれる[3]

概要

その起源は中唐韓愈柳宗元らに求められる。それまでの経典解釈学的な儒学(漢唐訓詁学)は批判され、人間の道徳性や天と人を貫くことわり(理)を追求することこそ学問であるとされた。このことは文学史上の古文復興運動と連動しており、文章は修辞などによる華麗さを追求するものではなく、を表現するための道具であるとされた。

宋代にはさまざまな流派が興ったが、やがて程顥程頤二程子)を祖とする道学が主流となった。天理人欲理一分殊性即理などを述べた。

道学の流れを汲み、他の流派の言説をも取り入れつつ、後世に大きな影響力のある学問体系を構築したのは南宋朱熹である。朱熹の学派は道学の主流となり、このため程朱学派の名がある。朱熹は存在論としてを述べ、理気二元論を主張している。彼らの学問は性即理を主張したので性理学と呼ばれる。

一方、朱熹と同時代の陸九淵明代中葉の王守仁(王陽明)のグループは心即理を主張したので、心学と呼ばれる。心学は明代中期に隆盛した。

理気論は宋代は理気二元論、明代は気一元論へと変化していった。

主要学派

朱熹以前

朱熹以後

脚注

  1. ^ a b 島田 1983, p. 255.
  2. ^ 西 1983, p. 262.
  3. ^ 島田 1983, p. 262.

参考文献

  • 島田虔次 著「思想史3」、島田虔次ら 編『アジア歴史研究入門』 3巻、同朋舎出版、1983年、249-286頁。ISBN 4-8104-0368-8 
  • 西順蔵 著「宋学」、日原利国 編『中国思想辞典』研文出版、1984年、261-262頁。ISBN 4-87636-043-X 

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