チューブワームは雌雄異体である。最近の発見では、雌のハオリムシの産卵は、大型二枚貝である Acesta bullisi(ミノガイ科)とユニークな関係を持っていることがわかった。この貝はチューブワームの先端に位置していて、周期的な産卵の時、卵を食べる。この奇妙な関係は1984年に発見されたが、その意味は十分に解明されてはいない。実際に、成熟したこの貝は、雌のチューブワームの近くにのみ見つかる[8]。
海洋生物センサスのプロジェクトの一つCOMARGE(Continental Margin Ecosystems on a Worldwide Scale:大陸縁辺群集)により、チリ周辺の調査がなされ、メタン湧出帯や貧酸素環境の調査がなされた。それらの生態系の異質性は、局所的な動物相に影響されるということである[16][33][34][35]。湧出帯の動物相は、ツキガイ科、ハナシガイ科、キヌタレガイ科(スエヒロキヌタレガイの仲間)、オトヒメハマグリ科(Calyptogena gallardoi)、また多毛類の一種ハオリムシ、さらにもう2種の多毛類などが含まれる[34]。さらに、チリ周辺沖の貧酸素地域にある、柔らかい還元型の堆積物の中には、主に大型原核生物から構成される多様性に富む微生物生態系が構成されている。構成員はたとえば、大型でフィラメント状の「メガバクテリア」と言われるチオプローカ属、ベギアトア属や、「マクロバクテリア」と言われる様々な形質のもの)、原生生物(繊毛虫、鞭毛虫、有孔虫など)、小型の後生動物(線虫、多毛類など)が見つかっている[16][36] Gallardo et al. (2007)[36]。Gallardoら(2007)[36] によれば、シアノバクテリアの化石と見られたものの一部は、これらの微生物の活動の後では無いかということである[16]。
^ abcdefVanreusel A., De Groote A., Gollner S. & Bright M. (2010). "Ecology and Biogeography of Free-Living Nematodes Associated with Chemosynthetic Environments in the Deep Sea: A Review". PLoS ONE5(8): e12449. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0012449.
^ abcOliver G., Rodrigues C & Cunha M. R. (2011). "Chemosymbiotic bivalves from the mud volcanoes of the Gulf of Cadiz, NE Atlantic, with descriptions of new species of Solemyidae, Lucinidae and Vesicomyidae". ZooKeys113: 1-38. doi:10.3897/ZooKeys.113.1402.
^Hovland M.; Thomsen E. (1997). “Cold-water corals—are they hydrocarbon seep related?”. Marine Geology137 (1-2): 159-164. doi:10.1016/S0025-3227(96)00086-2.
^Hovland M. (2008). Deep-water coral reefs: unique biodiversity hot-spots. 8.10 Summary and re-iteration of the hydraulic theory. Springer, 278 pp. ISBN 978-1-4020-8461-4. Pages 204-205.
^ abcdefghijklmnopqrsMinerals Management Service Gulf of Mexico OCS Region (November 2006). "Gulf of Mexico OCS Oil and Gas Lease Sales: 2007-2012. Western Planning Area Sales 204, 207, 210, 215, and 218. Central Planning Area Sales 205, 206, 208, 213, 216, and 222. Draft Environmental Impact Statement. Volume I: Chapters 1-8 and Appendices". U.S. Department of the Interior, Minerals Management Service, Gulf of Mexico OCS Region, New Orleans. page 3-27 - 3-31 PDF.
^MacDonald, I.R.; J.F. Reilly Jr., W.E. Best, R. Vnkataramaiah, R. Sassen, N.S. Guinasso Jr., and J. Amos. (1996). Remote sensing inventory of active oil seeps and chemosynthetic communities in the northern. Amer Assn of Petroleum Geologists. pp. 27-37. ISBN978-0891813453
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^Pinheiro L. M.; Ivanov M. K., Sautkin A., Akhamanov G., Magalhães V. H., Volkonskaya A., Monteiro J. H., Somoza L., Gardner J., Hamouni N. & Cunha M. R. (2003). “Mud volcanoes in the Gulf of Cadiz: results from the TTR-10 cruise”. Marine Geology195: 131-151. doi:10.1016/S0025-3227(02)00685-0.
^ abcdeMiloslavich P.; Klein E., Díaz J. M., Hernández C. E., Bigatti G. et al. (2011). “Marine Biodiversity in the Atlantic and Pacific Coasts of South America: Knowledge and Gaps”. PLoS ONE6 (1): e14631. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0014631.
^ abcdDanovaro R., Company J. B., Corinaldesi C., D'Onghia G., Galil B. et al. (2010). "Deep-Sea Biodiversity in the Mediterranean Sea: The Known, the Unknown, and the Unknowable". PLoS ONE5(8): e11832. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0011832.
^Southward E.; Andersen A., Hourdez S. (submitted 2010). “Lamellibrachia anaximandri n.sp., a new vestimentiferan tubeworm from the Mediterranean (Annelida)”. Zoosystema.
^Zitter T. A. C; Henry P., Aloisi G., Delaygue G., Çagatay M. N. et al. (2008). “Cold seeps along the main Marmara Fault in the Sea of Marmara (Turkey)”. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers55 (4): 552-570. doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2008.01.002.
^Chen Z.; Huang C.-Y., Zhao M., Yan W., Chien C.-W., Chen M., Yang H., Machiyama H. & Lin S. (2011). “Characteristics and possible origin of native aluminum in cold seep sediments from the northeastern South China Sea”. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences40 (1): 363-370. doi:10.1016/j.jseaes.2010.06.006.
^ abFujikura K., Lindsay D., Kitazato H., Nishida S. & Shirayama Y. (2010). "Marine Biodiversity in Japanese Waters". PLoS ONE5(8): e11836. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0011836.
^ abcGordon D. P., Beaumont J., MacDiarmid A., Robertson D. A. & Ahyong S. T (2010). "Marine Biodiversity of Aotearoa New Zealand". PLoS ONE5(8): e10905. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010905.
^Orpin A. R. (1997). “Dolomite chimneys as possible evidence of coastal fluid expulsion, uppermost Otago continental slope, southern New Zealand”. Marine Geology138 (1-2): 51-67. doi:10.1016/S0025-3227(96)00101-6.
^ abcBaco A. R.; Rowden A. A., Levin L. A., Smith C. R., Bowden D. et al. (2009). “Initial characterization of cold seep faunal communities on the New Zealand margin”. Marine Geology272 (1-4): 251-259. doi:10.1016/j.margeo.2009.06.015.
^Sellanes J.; Neira C., Quiroga E. & Teixido N. (2010). “Diversity patterns along and across the Chilean margin: a continental slope encompassing oxygen gradients and methane seep benthic habitats”. Marine Ecology31 (1): 111-124. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0485.2009.00332.x.
^ abSellanes J.; Quiroga E. & Neira C. (2008). “Megafauna community structure and trophic relationships at the recently discovered Concepción Methane Seep Area, Chile, ~36°S”. ICES Journal of Marine Science65 (7): 1102-1111. doi:10.1093/icesjms/fsn099.
^ abcGallardo V. A. & Espinoza C. (2007). "Large multicellular filamentous bacteria under the oxygen minimum zone of the eastern South Pacific: a forgotten biosphere". In: Hoover R. B., Levin G. V., Rozanov A. Y. & Davies P. C. W. (eds). San Diego, CA, USA: Proc. SPIE6694: 66941H–11. doi:10.1117/12.782209.
^Goffredi S. K. & Barry J. P. (2000). "Factors regulating productivity in chemoautotrophic symbioses; with emphasis on Calyptogena kilmeri and Calyptogena pacifica". Poster, Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute. accessed 3 February 2011. PDF.
^Bernhard J. M.; Buck K. R. & Barry J. P. (2001). “Monterey Bay cold-seep biota: Assemblages, abundance, and ultrastructure of living foraminifera”. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers48 (10): 2233-2249. doi:10.1016/S0967-0637(01)00017-6.
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Bright M.; Plum C., Riavitz L. A., Nikolov N., Martínez Arbizu P. & Cordes E. E. & Gollner S. (2010). “Epizooic metazoan meiobenthos associated with tubeworm and mussel aggregations from cold seeps of the Northern Gulf of Mexico”. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography57 (21-23): 1982-1989. doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.05.003.
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