1993年、Dahlbäckらによって遺伝的要因によるAPC抵抗性(英語版)が発見され、家族性の血栓性素因(英語版)との関係が示された[24]。1994年に、APC抵抗性をもたらす変異としては一般的な第V因子ライデン変異(英語版)がBertinaらによって記載された[25]。2年後、Glaドメインを除くAPCの構造が2.8 Åの分解能で明らかにされたα[›][5]。2001年にはPROWESS(Recombinant Human Activated Protein C Worldwide Evaluation in Severe Sepsis)試験が開始され[26]、APCの注入によって敗血症の症状の多くが緩和され、敗血症患者の致死率が大きく低下することが示された[9]:3161,6。その年の末には、組換えヒトAPC製剤ドロトレコギンアルファ(活性型)がアメリカ食品医薬品局(FDA)によって重症敗血症の治療に承認された最初の薬剤となった[27]。しかし、2011年に成人を対象とした治験で高い死亡率がみられたため、市場から撤退した[12]。2002年、プロテインCがプロテアーゼ活性化受容体1(PAR-1)を活性化することを示す論文がサイエンス誌に発表され、このタンパク質による免疫系の調節機構である可能性がある[16]:2382[28]。
遺伝子
プロテインCは、ヒトでは"protein C (inactivator of coagulation factors Va and VIIIa)"と命名された遺伝子にコードされている。HUGO遺伝子命名法委員会(英語版)によって承認された遺伝子シンボルは"PROC"(protein Cに由来)である。PROC遺伝子は2番染色体(2q13-q14)に位置し、9つのエクソンから構成され[8][16]:2383、そのヌクレオチド配列の長さは約11,000塩基である[8]:4675。
^“Surviving sepsis--practice guidelines, marketing campaigns, and Eli Lilly”. The New England Journal of Medicine355 (16): 1640–2. (October 2006). doi:10.1056/NEJMp068197. PMID17050887.
^ abcKylat, Ranjit; Ohlsson, Arne (April 18, 2012). “Recombinant human activated protein C for severe sepsis in neonates.”. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (4): CD005385. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005385.pub3. PMID22513930.
^“Activation of purified prothrombin to autoprothrombin I or autoprothrombin II (platelet cofactor II or autoprothrombin II-A)”. Thrombosis et Diathesis Haemorrhagica5: 218–49. (December 1960). PMID13765990.
^“A new vitamin K-dependent protein. Purification from bovine plasma and preliminary characterization”. The Journal of Biological Chemistry251 (2): 355–63. (January 1976). PMID1245477.
^“Proteolytic activation of protein C from bovine plasma”. Biochemistry15 (22): 4893–900. (November 1976). doi:10.1021/bi00667a022. PMID990250.
^ abcdefghijklmnopq“Protein C anticoagulant activity in relation to anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic activities”. Frontiers in Bioscience11: 2381–99. (2006). doi:10.2741/1977. PMID16720321.
^“Anticoagulant properties of bovine plasma protein C following activation by thrombin”. Biochemistry16 (26): 5824–31. (December 1977). doi:10.1021/bi00645a029. PMID588557.
^“Preparation and properties of bovine factor VIII (antihemophilic factor)”. Biochemistry19 (3): 401–10. (February 1980). doi:10.1021/bi00544a001. PMID7356933.
^“Regulation of activated protein C by a new protein. A possible function for bovine protein S”. The Journal of Biological Chemistry255 (12): 5521–4. (June 1980). PMID6892911.
^“Mutation in blood coagulation factor V associated with resistance to activated protein C”. Nature369 (6475): 64–7. (May 1994). doi:10.1038/369064a0. PMID8164741.
^PROWESS: recombinant Human Activated PROtein C Worldwide Evaluation in Severe Sepsis; “Efficacy and safety of recombinant human activated protein C for severe sepsis”. The New England Journal of Medicine344 (10): 699–709. (March 2001). doi:10.1056/NEJM200103083441001. PMID11236773.
^“Activation of endothelial cell protease activated receptor 1 by the protein C pathway”. Science296 (5574): 1880–2. (June 2002). doi:10.1126/science.1071699. PMID12052963.
^“The structure-function relationship of activated protein C. Lessons from natural and engineered mutations”. Thrombosis and Haemostasis106 (6): 1034–45. (December 2011). doi:10.1160/TH11-08-0522. PMID22072231.
^“Disruption of the endothelial cell protein C receptor gene in mice causes placental thrombosis and early embryonic lethality”. The Journal of Biological Chemistry277 (45): 43335–43. (November 2002). doi:10.1074/jbc.M207538200. PMID12218060.
^“Peptide bond cleavages and loss of functional activity during inactivation of factor Va and factor VaR506Q by activated protein C”. The Journal of Biological Chemistry270 (36): 21158–66. (September 1995). doi:10.1074/jbc.270.36.21158. PMID7673148.
^ ab“Pharmacology and management of the vitamin K antagonists: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th Edition)”. Chest133 (6 Suppl): 160S–198S. (June 2008). doi:10.1378/chest.08-0670. PMID18574265.
^“Drotrecogin alfa (activated) for adults with severe sepsis and a low risk of death”. The New England Journal of Medicine353 (13): 1332–41. (September 2005). doi:10.1056/NEJMoa050935. PMID16192478.
^ abMartí-Carvajal, AJ; Solà, I; Lathyris, D; Cardona, AF (14 March 2012). “Human recombinant activated protein C for severe sepsis.”. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (3): CD004388. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004388.pub5. PMID22419295.
^“Proteolytic formation and properties of gamma-carboxyglutamic acid-domainless protein C”. The Journal of Biological Chemistry258 (9): 5548–53. (May 1983). PMID6304092.
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