Wade-Giles

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Wade-Giles (pronuncia [ˌweɪd ˈdʒaɪlz]), a volte abbreviato Wade, è un sistema di romanizzazione (notazione fonetica e traslitterazione in scrittura latina) dei caratteri del cinese standard, la pronuncia ufficiale per la lingua cinese, elaborata a partire dalla varietà locale di Pechino del cinese mandarino. Sviluppatosi da un sistema ideato da Thomas Wade a metà del XIX secolo, si consolidò nel dizionario cinese-inglese sviluppato da Herbert Giles insieme al figlio Lionel. Fu il sistema di traslitterazione più importante nel mondo anglofono durante la maggior parte del XX secolo.

Storia

Il sistema Wade-Giles è stato progettato per traslitterare i termini cinesi per gli specialisti. Questa origine ha indotto nel senso comune che il sistema non sia intuitivo per i non specialisti e non utile per l'insegnamento della pronuncia cinese.

La Cina ha usato il sistema Wade-Giles per decenni come standard de facto, insieme a molti altri sistemi di romanizzazione ufficiali ma oscuri, in successione, detti Gwoyeu Romatzyh (1928), MPS II (1986) e Tongyong Pinyin (2000). I toponimi di Taiwan nell'uso internazionale sono ancora praticamente tutti in Wade-Giles. Anche molti americani-taiwanesi usano la grafia Wade-Giles per i loro nomi cinesi.

Il sistema di romanizzazione Hanyu Pinyin è invece il sistema ufficiale e il più usato in Cina.

Tabella di confronto con altri sistemi di romanizzazione

Vocali *a, e, o*
IPA	a	ɔ	ɛ	ɤ	ai	ei	au	ou	an	ən	aŋ	əŋ	ʊŋ	aɚ
Pinyin	a	o	e	e	ai	ei	ao	ou	an	en	ang	eng	ong	er
Tongyong pinyin	a	o	e	e	ai	ei	ao	ou	an	en	ang	eng	ong	er
Wade-Giles	a	o	eh	o/ê	ai	ei	ao	ou	an	ên	ang	êng	ung	êrh
Zhuyin	ㄚ	ㄛ	ㄝ	ㄜ	ㄞ	ㄟ	ㄠ	ㄡ	ㄢ	ㄣ	ㄤ	ㄥ	ㄨㄥ	ㄦ
Esempio	阿	哦	呗	俄	艾	黑	凹	偶	安	恩	昂	冷	中	二

Vocali *i, u, y*
IPA	i	ie	iou	iɛn	in	iŋ	iʊŋ	u	uo	uei	uən	uəŋ	y	ye	yɛn	yn
Pinyin	yi	ye	you	yan	yin	ying	yong	wu	wo/o	wei	wen	weng	yu	yue	yuan	yun
Tongyong pinyin	yi	ye	you	yan	yin	ying	yong	wu	wo/o	wei	wun	wong	yu	yue	yuan	yun
Wade-Giles	i	yeh	yu	yen	yin	ying	yung	wu	wo/o	wei	wên	wêng	yü	yüeh	yüan	yün
Zhuyin	ㄧ	ㄧㄝ	ㄧㄡ	ㄧㄢ	ㄧㄣ	ㄧㄥ	ㄩㄥ	ㄨ	ㄨㄛ	ㄨㄟ	ㄨㄣ	ㄨㄥ	ㄩ	ㄩㄝ	ㄩㄢ	ㄩㄣ
Esempio	一	也	又	言	音	英	用	五	我	位	文	翁	玉	月	元	云

Consonanti non sibilanti
IPA	p	pʰ	m	fəŋ	tiou	tuei	tuən	tʰ	ny	ly	kɤɚ	kʰ	xɤ
Pinyin	b	p	m	feng	diu	dui	dun	t	nü	lü	ger	k	he
Tongyong pinyin	b	p	m	fong	diou	duei	dun	t	nyu	lyu	ger	k	he
Wade-Giles	p	p'	m	fêng	tiu	tui	tun	t'	nü	lü	kêrh	k'	ho
Zhuyin	ㄅ	ㄆ	ㄇ	ㄈㄥ	ㄉㄧㄡ	ㄉㄨㄟ	ㄉㄨㄣ	ㄊ	ㄋㄩ	ㄌㄩ	ㄍㄜㄦ	ㄎ	ㄏㄜ
Esempio	玻	婆	末	封	丟	兌	顿	特	女	旅	歌儿	可	何

Consonanti sibilanti
IPA	tɕiɛn	tɕiʊŋ	tɕʰin	ɕyɛn	ʈʂɤ	ʈʂɨ	ʈʂʰɤ	ʈʂʰɨ	ʂɤ	ʂɨ	ʐɤ	ʐɨ	tsɤ	tsuo	tsɨ	tsʰɤ	tsʰɨ	sɤ	sɨ
Pinyin	jian	jiong	qin	xuan	zhe	zhi	che	chi	she	shi	re	ri	ze	zuo	zi	ce	ci	se	si
Tongyong pinyin	jian	jyong	cin	syuan	jhe	jhih	che	chih	she	shih	re	rih	ze	zuo	zih	ce	cih	se	sih
Wade-Giles	chien	chiung	ch'in	shüan	chê	chih	ch'ê	ch'ih	shê	shih	jê	jih	tsê	tso	tzŭ	ts'ê	tz'ŭ	sê	sŭ
Zhuyin	ㄐㄧㄢ	ㄐㄩㄥ	ㄑㄧㄣ	ㄒㄩㄢ	ㄓㄜ	ㄓ	ㄔㄜ	ㄔ	ㄕㄜ	ㄕ	ㄖㄜ	ㄖ	ㄗㄜ	ㄗㄨㄛ	ㄗ	ㄘㄜ	ㄘ	ㄙㄜ	ㄙ
Esempio	件	窘	秦	宣	哲	之	扯	赤	社	是	惹	日	仄	左	字	策	次	色	斯

**Toni**
IPA	ma˥˥	ma˧˥	ma˨˩˦	ma˥˩	ma
Pinyin	mā	má	mǎ	mà	ma
Tongyong pinyin	ma	má	mǎ	mà	må
Wade-Giles	ma¹	ma²	ma³	ma⁴	ma⁰
Zhuyin	ㄇㄚ	ㄇㄚˊ	ㄇㄚˇ	ㄇㄚˋ	ㄇㄚ・
Esempio (tradizionale/semplificato)	媽/妈	麻/麻	馬/马	罵/骂	嗎/吗

Altri progetti

Wikimedia Commons contiene immagini o altri file su Wade-Giles

Collegamenti esterni

(EN) Wade-Giles romanization, su Enciclopedia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

Portale Cina

Portale Linguistica

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