Stemma della Lituania

Lietuvos herbas
Blasonatura
Di rosso, al cavaliere d'argento tenente uno scudo azzurro centrato da una croce a doppia traversa d'oro.

Lo stemma della Lituania rappresenta un cavaliere in armatura a cavallo, noto come Vytis, mentre brandisce una spada e uno scudo.[1] È, dagli inizi del XV secolo, lo stemma ufficiale della Lituania ed è perciò uno degli stemmi europei più antichi.[2][3][4] È anche conosciuto con altri nomi, come Waikymas, Pagaunė[5][6] nella lingua lituana o come Pogonia, Pogoń, Погоня (Pahonia) nelle lingue polacca, bielorussa e rutena.[2][7][8] Vytis, traducibile con cavaliere, ricorda il termine slavo vitjaz' che indica gli eroici guerrieri delle leggende medievali.[9]

Lo stato lituano, un tempo vasto e potente,[10] prima nella forma di ducato, poi come regno, infine come granducato, fu creato dai Lituani, inizialmente pagani, in risposta alle pressioni dell'Ordine teutonico e dei Cavalieri portaspada che avevano conquistato le odierne Estonia e Lettonia, costringendo gli abitanti a convertirsi al Cristianesimo.[11][12][13] I Lituani furono gli unici Balti a fondare uno stato sovrano prima dell'era moderna.[14] Inoltre, le pressioni teutoniche spinsero i Lituani a espandersi a oriente occupando i territori dei ruteni ortodossi nel bacino superiore del Dnepr e dei nomadi eurasiatici nella steppa tra il Dnepr inferiore e Dnestr, distruggendo le terre oggi appartenenti a Ucraina, Russia e Bielorussia.[12][15][16][17][18] Questo atteggiamento espansionistico della Lituania è rappresentato nello stemma dal cavaliere al galoppo.[15][19]

La dinastia regnante dei Gediminidi adottò il cavaliere a cavallo come simbolo dinastico. Successivamente, agli inizi del XV secolo, il granduca Vitoldo scelse come stemma del Granducato il cavaliere a cavallo su sfondo rosso. Da allora, i sovrani lituani e i nobili legati alla dinastia regnante usarono questo stemma.[2][8] Lo scudo del cavaliere è decorato con le colonne di Gediminas o con la croce a doppia traversa degli Jagelloni.[20][21]

Nel 1988 fu restaurato come simbolo nazionale e l'11 marzo del 1990 fu dichiarato simbolo statale[22], in sostituzione del precedente emblema sovietico. Il consiglio supremo della repubblica Lituana approvò una legge per l'uso ufficiale e la descrizione il 4 settembre del 1991 per la riabilitazione degli antichi colori del simbolo del “Vytis“. L'articolo 15 della Costituzione della Lituania, approvata con il referendum costituzionale del 1992, recita: "Lo stemma dello Stato sarà un Vytis bianco su sfondo rosso".[23]

Lo stemma presidenziale ha, come supporti, un grifone e un unicorno.

Galleria d'immagini

Note

  1. ^ Lietuvių kalbos žodynas, su Lkz.lt. URL consultato il 18 maggio 2020.
  2. ^ a b c (LT) Edmundas Rimša, Lietuvos valstybės herbas, su Vle.lt. URL consultato il 19 marzo 2021.
  3. ^ Vytis (Knight) on the Lithuanian Money, su Pinigumuziejus.lt, Bank of Lithuania Money Museum. URL consultato il 19 marzo 2021 (archiviato dall'url originale il 3 aprile 2021).
  4. ^ (LT, EN) Juozas Galkus, Lietuvos Vytis / The Vytis of Lithuania, Vilnius Academy of Arts Press, 2009, p. 13, ISBN 978-9955-854-44-9.
  5. ^ (LT) Kultūros uostas Paroda "Vytis istorijoje ir dailėje", su kulturosuostas.lt, 17 dicembre 2019. URL consultato il 10 aprile 2021.
  6. ^ (LT) Juozas Galkus, Apie Vyčio pradžią ir vardą, su alkas.lt, 26 maggio 2020. URL consultato il 21 marzo 2021.
  7. ^ (LT) Jonas Palionis, Acta Linguistica Lithuanica (PDF), LXVI, Lithuanian Language Institute, 2012, p. 174. URL consultato il 21 marzo 2021.
  8. ^ a b Petrauskas, Rimvydas, Vytis, the Sign of the Dynasty | Orbis Lituaniae, su LDKistorija.lt, Vilnius University. URL consultato il 1º maggio 2021.
  9. ^ (LT) Vytis reikšmė - lietuvių kalbos žodynas, su lietuviuzodynas.lt. URL consultato il 9 aprile 2021.
  10. ^ (EN) Istvan Deak, Essays on Hitler's Europe, University of Nebraska Press - Lincoln and London, 1º gennaio 2001, pp. 115, ISBN 978-0-8032-6630-8.
    «In the Middle Ages Lithuanians had great leaders such as Mindaugas, Gediminas, Algirdas, Kestutis and Vytautas, who transformed Lithuania into a vast and powerful state.»
  11. ^ Balt | people, su Encyclopedia Britannica. URL consultato l'11 aprile 2021 (archiviato dall'url originale il 16 luglio 2015).
  12. ^ a b Grand Duchy of Lithuania, su Encyclopedia Britannica. URL consultato l'8 maggio 2021.
  13. ^ Lithuania - Historical Development, su Eurydice Network, European Commission, 2 gennaio 2019. URL consultato l'11 aprile 2021.
  14. ^ Lithuania – History, su Encyclopedia Britannica. URL consultato il 21 maggio 2021.
  15. ^ a b Arnold Joseph Toynbee, A Study Of History (Volume II), Fourth impression, Great Britain, Oxford University Press, 1948, p. 172. URL consultato il 24 maggio 2021.
  16. ^ Rowell 1994, pp. 82-101.
  17. ^ Ukraine: Lithuanian and Polish rule, in Encyclopedia Britannica. URL consultato il 29 aprile 2021.
  18. ^ Belarus: Lithuanian and Polish rule, in Encyclopedia Britannica. URL consultato il 29 aprile 2021.
  19. ^ (LT) Laikrodžių muziejaus paroda "Vytis istorijoje ir dailėje", su Lithuanian National Museum of Art. URL consultato il 19 marzo 2021.
  20. ^ Public Relations Unit, Communications Department, Office of the Seimas, Columns of the Gediminids, su Seimas. URL consultato il 3 aprile 2021.
  21. ^ Double Cross, su Seimas. URL consultato il 20 marzo 2021.
  22. ^ (LT) Testo della costituzione lituana del 1990, che prevede la compresenza dei due simboli al punto 2, su e-seimas.lrs.lt.
  23. ^ Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania, su e-seimas.lrs.lt, Seimas. URL consultato l'8 maggio 2021.

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