Sigillaria (festività)

Sigillaria
Tiporeligiosa
Periododurante i Saturnali
Celebrata aRoma
ReligioneReligione romana
Tradizioniscambio di statuette fittili dette sigilla

Sigillaria era il nome di un'antica festività romana, compresa all'interno dei Saturnali,[1] che prendeva il nome dai sigilla,[2] statuette fittili che si era usi scambiarsi nel corso di questa festività, oltre che dei negozi, che spesso si trovavano lungo la via Sigillaria a Roma, dove i sigillarii[3] vendevano queste statuette.[4]

Festività

Nel corso di questa festività, i sigillarii, i venditori delle figurine e di altri doni, erigevano dei negozi temporanei nel Campo Marzio, e successivamente nella porticus delle Terme di Traiano. Giovenale riferisce che questi negozi temporanei bloccavano la vista dei dipinti di Giasone e degli Argonauti nel Portico degli Argonauti.[5]

Statuette

«Queste statuette erano spesso modellate secondo le fattezze di qualche divinità, come Ercole, Minerva, Apollo sauroctono, Vittoria, o di qualche personaggio celebre (Danae o Giacinto); alternativamente, alcuni tipi erano puramente fantastici, come un ermafrodito o un gobbo. Queste sigilla erano talvolta realizzate in creta, nel qual caso il loro valore era praticamente nullo, a meno che l'artigianalità non avesse un merito particolare; quelle realizzate in marmo, bronzo corinzio, argento, od oro, erano invece frequentemente di considerevole valore.»

(Thomas, Emile (1899). Roman Life Under the Caesars. G. P. Putnam's sons. pp. 132–136.)

Nei Saturnalia di Ambrogio Teodosio Macrobio, Pretestato afferma che i sigillaria siano dei sostituti per le vittime sacrificali dei riti religiosi primordiali;[6] questa interpretazione (insieme ai riti collegati agli Argei e agli oscilla) pone in dubbio l'esistenza di sacrifici umani tra i primi Romani.[7] Un interlocutore di Pretestato di nome Evangelo, però, sostiene che le figure non siano altro che giocattoli per bambini:

«Oppure prendi i sigillaria che ha appena menzionato: la festività e le sue figurine di creta servono a divertire i bambini che non abbiano ancora imparato a camminare, ma egli cerca di renderli una questione di doveri religiosi.»

(Macrobio, Saturnalia 1.11.1.)

e inoltre:

«Epicado riferisce che quando Ercole ebbe ucciso Gerione e portò il suo bestiame vittoriosamente attraverso l'Italia, costruì il Pons Sublicius (come si chiama ora) in modo che potesse gettare nel fiume effigi umane in numero uguale ai compagni che aveva perso per sfortuna lungo il suo cammino: in questo modo, essi poterono essere trasportati dalla corrente del mare ed essere restituiti, in un certo senso, alle loro case ancestrali al posto dei corpi dei morti. Questo (secondo Epicado) è il motivo per cui la pratica di modellare tali effigi è rimasta parte dei riti.»

(Macrobio, Saturnalia 1.11.47.)

Note

  1. ^ Robert A. Kaster, Macrobius: Saturnalia Books 1–2 (Loeb Classical Library, 2011), pp. 81 (nota 110) e 110 (nota 178).
  2. ^ SIGILLARIA (20 Dicembre), su romanoimpero.com.
  3. ^ Claire Holleran, Shopping in Ancient Rome: The Retail Trade in the Late Republic and the Principate (Oxford University Press, 2012), p. 192.
  4. ^ Caroline Vout, Power and Eroticism in Imperial Rome (Cambridge University Press, 2007), p. 152.
  5. ^ Giovenale 6.154; Lawrence Richardson, A New Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992), p. 398; Holleran, Shopping in Ancient Rome, pp. 191–192.
  6. ^ Macrobio, Saturnalia 1.11.1.
  7. ^ Carlin A. Barton, The Sorrows of the Ancient Romans: The Gladiator and the Monster (Princeton University Press, 1993), p. 166.
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