Progressione aritmetica

Una progressione aritmetica

In matematica una progressione aritmetica è una successione di numeri tali che la differenza tra ciascun termine (o elemento) della successione e il suo precedente sia una costante. Tale costante viene detta ragione della progressione. Per esempio, la successione 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, ... è una progressione aritmetica di ragione 2.

Calcolo

Se il primo termine di una progressione aritmetica è e la ragione è allora l'-esimo termine della successione è dato da:

Tale proprietà può essere estesa a un qualsiasi termine della progressione; si avrà quindi che:

La somma dei numeri di una progressione aritmetica finita si chiama serie aritmetica. La somma dei primi valori di una progressione aritmetica è uguale a:

dove è il primo termine e l'-esimo.

Esempio: somma dei primi n interi positivi

Per esempio per trovare la somma dei primi interi positivi si calcola:

Dimostrazione

Si deve dimostrare che Posizioniamo due progressioni aritmetiche uguali a quella data una sopra l'altra e con gli addendi invertiti di posizione. Ponendo uguale alla somma e andando poi a sommare in verticali gli addendi corrispondenti, abbiamo che:

______________________________________________________

La riga inferiore presenta addendi uguali perché . Ciò è facilmente dimostrabile. Infatti, ricordando che l'-esimo termine è dato da , effettuando le seguenti sostituzioni:

e scrivendo

si dimostra che

Simili uguaglianze sono dimostrabili per gli altri termini della somma. Ma allora, ricordando che la somma della riga inferiore contiene termini

dividendo entrambi i membri dell'equazione per

Caratteristiche

Le progressioni aritmetiche forniscono le sequenze di intervalli consecutivi di uguale ampiezza (la ragione); queste sequenze servono per la definizione degli integrali e per le campionature delle funzioni reali di una variabile reale; queste ultime sono utilizzate per la presentazione grafica di queste funzioni in tutti gli odierni sistemi e pacchetti computazionali.

Il teorema di Dirichlet, dimostrato nel 1837 da Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet, afferma che in ogni progressione aritmetica in cui il primo termine e la ragione siano interi coprimi (ossia valga MCD) si trovano infiniti numeri primi.

Voci correlate

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni

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