Principato vescovile di Basilea

Disambiguazione – Se stai cercando l'attuale diocesi, vedi Diocesi di Basilea.
Vescovato di Basilea
Vescovato di Basilea - Stemma
Vescovato di Basilea - Localizzazione
Vescovato di Basilea - Localizzazione
Il castello del vescovo
Dati amministrativi
Nome completoPrincipato vescovile di Basilea
Nome ufficialeHochstift Basel
Lingue ufficialiLatino, tedesco
Lingue parlateFrancese, tedesco
CapitaleBasilea (pre-Riforma)
Porrentruy
Dipendente da Sacro Romano Impero
Dipendenze Bienne
Politica
Forma di StatoTeocrazia
Forma di governoMonarchia elettiva
(principato vescovile)
Capo di StatoPrincipi-vescovi di Basilea
Nascita999 con Adalberone
CausaInvestitura imperiale
Fine15 febbraio 1803 con Franz Xaver von Neveu
CausaGuerre napoleoniche
Territorio e popolazione
Bacino geograficoGiura
Massima estensione1000 km² circa nel secolo XVIII
Popolazione10.000 abitanti circa nel Medioevo
Economia
ValutaTallero di Basilea
Risorseagricoltura, foreste
Commerci conSacro Romano Impero, Svizzera
Religione e società
Religioni preminentiCalvinismo
Religione di StatoCattolicesimo
Classi socialiClero, borghesia, popolo
Evoluzione storica
Preceduto daRegno di Borgogna
Succeduto da Mont Terrible (Francia)
Margraviato del Baden

Il principato vescovile di Basilea (in tedesco: Hochstift Basel, in latino Episcopatus Ac Principatus Basiliensis), fu uno Stato facente parte del Sacro Romano Impero (aveva il 41° voto nella Dieta) situato fra le alture del Giura, in unione personale con la differente Diocesi di Basilea sulla quale il principe-vescovo esercitava solo l'autorità spirituale spettante ad un ordinario presule. Ebbe una lunga durata, dal 999 al 15 febbraio 1803 per otto secoli.[1]

Storia

La diocesi di Basilea ricevette cospicue donazioni fin dall'Alto medioevo. La prima menzione dell'esistenza del capitolo della cattedrale risale all'830 circa; la vita comunitaria dei canonici fu abbandonata nel XII secolo; nel secolo successivo essi ottennero il diritto esclusivo di eleggere i vescovi, diritto che fino a quel momento era riservato all'imperatore.[2]

Il territorio del principato differiva sostanzialmente da quello della diocesi, sia un senso che nell'altro. In particolare era esterna alla diocesi ma sottoposta al principato la cittadina di Bienne, alleata perpetua della Confederazione, e il suo territorio dell'Erguel, come pure il borgo della Neuveville. La Svizzera vantava infine diritti sul Moutier-Grandval, territorio diocesano.[3]

Mappa del 1600

La Riforma protestante colpì duramente gli interessi del vescovo. La stessa Basilea, che aveva aderito alla Confederazione, passò al calvinismo dando lo sfratto al clero cattolico. Il vescovo si rifugiò quindi a Porrentruy, paradossalmente fuori dalla diocesi. A questo punto la situazione si stabilizzò per tre secoli.

La Rivoluzione francese pose rapidamente fine al principato. La parte imperiale fu invasa nel 1792 e, dopo la rapida esperienza della Repubblica Rauracica, annessa alla Francia. Il vescovo scappò nella parte svizzera, ma anche questa fu presa dai francesi nel 1797 non appena degenerarono i rapporti con gli elvetici. Le ultime parti di territorio furono secolarizzate da Napoleone e annesse al Baden.

Note

Voci correlate

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni

Controllo di autoritàVIAF (EN124348815 · LCCN (ENn81126017 · GND (DE4080275-9 · BNF (FRcb121300932 (data) · J9U (ENHE987007562173005171

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