Lingua slavey

Lingua slavey
Lingua degli schiavi
Parlato inCanada
RegioniTerritori del Nord-Ovest
Alberta nord-orientale
Columbia Britannica nordoccidentale
Locutori
Totale2 120[1] (2016)
Altre informazioni
ScritturaAlfabeto latino
Tassonomia
FilogenesiLingue dene-ienisseiane ?
 Lingue na-dene
  lingue athabaska
   lingue athabaska del nord
Statuto ufficiale
Ufficiale inTerritori del Nord-Ovest (bandiera) Territori del Nord-Ovest (Canada)
Codici di classificazione
ISO 639-2den
ISO 639-3den (EN)
Glottologslav1253 (EN)

La lingua slavey o lingua degli schiavi (dall'inglese slave, «schiavo») è una macro-lingua della famiglia linguistica athabaska del nord, parlata nel nord-ovest del Canada, lungo il fiume Mackenzie.

Scrittura

Lo slavey-hare o più brevemente slavey si scrive con l'alfabeto latino.

Dialetti

La lingua ha svariati dialetti che sono stati classificati in due gruppi:

  • Slavey settentrionale
  • Slavey meridionale

Slavey settentrionale

Lo slavey settentrionale (Sahtúot'ı̨nę Yatı̨́, codice linguistico: [scs]), è l'insieme di tre dialetti, parlati nei Territori del Nord-Ovest dagli indiani Shatu o Slavey del nord:

  • ᑲᑊᗱᑯᑎᑊᓀ K'áshogot'ıné (Lepre), parlato dai Gahwié got'iné («Pelle di coniglio») o K'áshogot'ıne («Popolo della grande lepre», riferimento alla loro dipendenza dalle lepri per alimentarsi e vestirsi, in francese vengono definiti Peaux de Lievre Locheaux)
    • ᓴᑋᕲᒼᑯᑎᑊᓀ Sahtúgot'ıné (Lago dell'orso), parlato dai Sahtu Dene o Sahtú got'iné (Popolo del lago dell'orso o Gens du Lac d'Ours)
  • ᗰᑋᑯᑎᑊᓀ Shıhgot'ıne (Montagne), parlato dai Shıhgot'ıné, Shuhtaot'iné o Shotah Dene (Popoli della montagna anche chiamati Nahagot'iné, Nahaa o Nahane Dene - Popolo dell'ovest, chiamati così perché vivono nelle montagne più ad ovest dell'areale dove viene parlata la lingua, tra i Monti Mackenzie e il fiume Mackenzie.)

Secondo lo Statistics Canada, nel 2006 i locutori totali erano 1.235, dato che però contrasta coi 230 del censimento 2011 riportato da ethnologue.com[2], inoltre quest'ultima organizzazione denuncia che la lingua corre pericolo d'estinzione, infatti, come molte delle lingue amerinde nordamericane, soffrirebbe del processo di deriva linguistica verso l'inglese, per cui i giovani tendono parlare quest'ultimo idioma a scapito di quelli tradizionali.

Slavey meridionale

Lo slavey meridionale (ᑌᓀ ᒐ Dene-thah, Dené Dháh o Dene Zhatıé, [xsl]), è parlato dagli indiani Slavey del sud, conosciuti coi nomi di Dehghaot'ine, Deh Cho o Etchareottine (“La gente che abita sotto la tettoia"), nella regione del Grande Lago degli Schiavi, lungo il corso superiore del Mackenzie che loro chiamano Deh Cho («grande fiume»), tra il nordest dell'Alberta ed il nordovest della Columbia Britannica. Anche in questo caso c'è una grossa differenza, per quanto riguarda il numero di locutori, 2.310 (2006) secondo Statistics Canada, 530 (2011) secondo ethnologue che anche in questo caso denuncia il pericolo d'estinzione per la lingua[3], infatti quasi tutte le comunità sono bilingue, coi bambini che parlano Slavey a casa ed inglese a scuola.[4]

Fonologia

Le divisioni tra i dialetti Slavey, si basano soprattutto sul modo in cui vengono pronunciati i suoni: *dz *ts *ts' *s e *z, dell'antico Proto-Athabaskan.

Consonanti

Di seguito la lista dei fonemi consonantici dello Slavey, in ortografia «indianist », con la loro pronuncia, scritta in AFI :

Tipo Bilabialii Dentali Alvéolari Postalvéolari Dorsali Glottali
Centrali Laterali Palatali Velari
Occlusive simples b [p] d [t] g [k] ʼ [ʔ]
aspirées t [tʰ] k [kʰ]
eiettive [tʼ] [kʼ]
Affricate simples [t͡θ] dz [t͡s] dl [t͡ɬ] j [t͡ʃ]
aspirate [t͡θʰ ] ts [t͡sʰ ] [ t͡ɬʰ ] č [ t͡ʃʰ ]
eiettive tsʼ [t͡sʼ ] tłʼ [ t͡ɬʼ ] čʼ [ t͡ʃʼ ]
Fricative sourdes θ [θ] s [s] ł [ɬ] š [ʃ] x [x] h [h]
sonores ð [ð] z [z] l [ɬ] ž [ʒ] ɣ [ɣ]
Nasali m [m] n [n] ñ [nʲ ]
Semi-vocali w [w] y [j]

Vocali

  • a [a]
  • e [ɛ]
  • ə [e] o [ie]
  • i [i]
  • o [o]
  • u [u]

Le vocali nasali vengono marcate con un ogonek, per esemplo ⟨ą⟩ [ã]

Il dialetto meridionale non ha la vocale ⟨ə⟩.

Note

  1. ^ (FR) Langue – Faits saillants en tableaux, Recensement de 2016, su statcan.gc.ca, Statistique Canada. URL consultato il 6 settembre 2020.
  2. ^ https://www.ethnologue.com/language/scs
  3. ^ https://www.ethnologue.com/language/xsl
  4. ^ Rice, Keren (1989). A Grammar of Slave. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter & Co. ISBN 3110107791.

Bibliografia

  • Philip G. Howard, «A Preliminary Presentation of Slave phonemes», in Studies in the Athapaskan Languages, Berkeley, University of California Press, 1963.
  • Howard, Philip G. 1990. A Dictionary of the Verbs of South Slavey. Yellowknife: Dept. of Culture and Communications, Govt. of the Northwest Territories, ISBN 0-7708-3868-5
  • Isaiah, Stanley, et al. 1974. Golqah Gondie = Animal Stories - in Slavey. Yellowknife: Programme Development Division, Government of the Northwest Territories, .
  • Mithun, Marianne. 1999. The Languages of Native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-23228-7 (hbk); ISBN 0-521-29875-X.
  • Monus, Vic, and Isaiah, Stanley. 1977. Slavey Topical Dictionary: A Topical List of Words and Phrases Reflecting the Dialect of the Slavey Language Spoken in the Fort Simpson Area. [Yellowknife: Government of the Northwest Territories, Canada?].
  • Northwest Territories. 1993. South Slavey Legal Terminology. [Yellowknife, N.W.T.]: Dept. of Justice, Govt. of the Northwest Territories.
  • Northwest Territories. 1981. Alphabet Posters in the Wrigley Dialect of the Slavey Language. [Yellowknife?]: Dept. of Education, Programs and Evaluation Branch.
  • Tatti, Fibbie, and Howard, Philip G.. 1978. A Slavey Language Pre-Primer in the Speech of Fort Franklin. [Yellowknife]: Linguistic Programmes Division, Dept. of Education, Northwest Territories.
  • Anand, Pranav and Nevins, Andrew. Shifty Operators in Changing Contexts. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. https://web.archive.org/web/20050517022822/http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~lingdept/IndexicalityWorkshop/anandnevins04.pdf
  • Rice, Keren. 1989. A Grammar of Slave. Mouton Grammar Library (No. 5). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. ISBN 3-11-010779-1.
  • Sabourin, Margaret. 1975. Readers: Slavey Language. Yellowknife: Dept. of Education, Programme Development Division.

Voci correlate

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