Libertà di pensiero

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Immanuel Kant riteneva che la libera circolazione delle idee fosse il fondamento della conoscenza e dell'emancipazione dell'uomo. A questa visione di società si contrappone un'idea di società in cui l'espressione e la coscienza dell'individuo siano sottoposte alla "amorevole tutela" del potere, sia esso manifestamente violento oppure celato e paternalistico.

L'unica salvezza dalla massa, dallo Stato, dal regime, consiste nel rifugiarsi nel "corretto dispiegarsi del pensiero": l'unica autorità riconosciuta è la ragione. Il pensiero reca in nuce le condizioni per l'esercizio della libertà. La libertà di pensiero è parte integrante dell'anarchia senza dogmatismi di sorta.

L'autonomia dell'indagine si affianca alla retta via, in quanto il viaggio che conduce alla libertà, secondo molti filosofi, deve essere caratterizzato dalla solitudine, ove non dell'ascesi.

Fonti

La Dichiarazione universale dei diritti umani afferma all'articolo 18: «Ogni individuo ha il diritto alla libertà di pensiero, coscienza e di religione; tale diritto include la libertà di cambiare religione o credo, e la libertà di manifestare, isolatamente o in comune, sia in pubblico che in privato, la propria religione o il proprio credo [...]»

La Costituzione della Repubblica Italiana, all'articolo 21, recita: «Tutti hanno diritto di manifestare liberamente il proprio pensiero con la parola, lo scritto e ogni altro mezzo di diffusione.»

La Convenzione per la salvaguardia dei diritti dell'uomo e delle libertà fondamentali (firmata a Roma il 4 novembre 1950) recita all'art. 9: "1. Ogni persona ha diritto alla libertà di pensiero, di coscienza e di religione: tale diritto include la libertà di cambiare di religione o di credo e la libertà di manifestare individualmente o collettivamente, sia in pubblico che in privato, mediante il culto, l'insegnamento, le pratiche e l'osservanza dei riti. 2. La libertà di manifestare la propria religione o il proprio credo può essere oggetto di quelle sole restrizioni che, stabilite per legge, costituiscono misure necessarie in una società democratica, per la protezione dell'ordine pubblico, della salute o della morale pubblica, o per la protezione dei diritti e della libertà altrui". La libertà di pensiero (art.21) La libertà di manifestazione del pensiero è tra tutte le libertà civili, sicuramente la più importante ed espressiva perché interessa da un lato, la vita spirituale dell'uomo e il patrimonio, le idee di cui egli è portatore, dall'altro la sua partecipazione alla vita e al progresso del paese.

La Costituzione della Comunità europea recita all'articolo II-70:

«1. Ogni persona ha diritto alla libertà di pensiero, di coscienza e di religione. Tale diritto include la libertà di cambiare religione o convinzione, così come la libertà di manifestare la propria religione o la propria convinzione individualmente o collettivamente, in pubblico o in privato, mediante il culto, l'insegnamento, le pratiche e l'osservanza dei riti.
2. Il diritto all'obiezione di coscienza è riconosciuto secondo le leggi nazionali che ne disciplinano l'esercizio.»

Voci correlate

Altri progetti

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