Chilling effect

Con chilling effect, nel lessico giuridico del common law si indica la riluttanza e la refrattarietà ad esercitare un proprio diritto per paura di sanzioni legali.[1] Il diritto che più frequentemente viene associato all'azione inibitoria del chilling effect è quello di libera espressione.

Storia

Nel 1644 John Milton descrisse il chilling effect della censura nell'Areopagitica, riferendosi specificamente alla libertà di stampa:

(EN)

«To distrust the judgement and the honesty of one who hath but a common repute in learning, and never yet offended, as not to count him fit to print his mind without a tutor or examiner, lest he should drop a schism, or something of corruption, is the greatest displeasure and indignity to a free and knowing spirit that can be put upon him.»

(IT)

«Non fidarsi del giudizio e dell'onestà di un individuo dall'istruzione solo ordinaria, benché non sia mai stato causa di alcuno scandalo, e ritenerlo incapace di pubblicare ciò che pensa, a meno che non sia sottoposto al controllo previo di un tutore o un esaminatore, perché altrimenti potrebbe pubblicare qualcosa di controverso o d'immorale: questa è il più grande degli oltraggi che si possano rivolgere a uno spirito libero e assennato.»

(J. Milton, Areopagitica 15.[2])

Il termine chilling effect è in uso negli Stati Uniti a partire dal 1950.[3]

Descrizione ed utilizzo

A generare l'effetto può essere l'approvazione di una legge, la sentenza di un tribunale o la minaccia di querele. Una querela sporta al solo scopo di produrre un chilling effect viene chiamata SLAPP (acronimo di Strategic Lawsuit Against Public Participation).

La locuzione viene usata anche al di fuori del contesto legale per indicare, più in generale, un fenomeno che genera un'azione deterrente verso un dato comportamento. Ad esempio di questa definizione più ampia possono essere portati la minore brutalità della polizia statunitense in alcune città a causa, secondo il direttore dell'FBI, del timore di essere ripresi e diventare i protagonisti involontari di video virali oppure la titubanza nel denunciare i comportamenti aggressivi del proprio compagno per paura di ulteriori ripercussioni.[4]

Note

  1. ^ chilling effect. (n.d.
  2. ^ John Milton (1644) Areopagitica, edited by George H. Sabine (1951), page 29, Appleton-Century-Crofts
  3. ^ Paul A. Freund, 4 Vanderbilt Law Review 533, at 539 (1950–1951): The Supreme Court and Civil Liberties, su heinonline.org.
  4. ^ Communication Monographs, Volume 60, Issue 3, 1993
    Denise H. Clovena & Michael E. Roloffb pages 199-219
    "THE CHILLING EFFECT OF AGGRESSIVE POTENTIAL ON THE EXPRESSION OF COMPLAINTS IN INTIMATE RELATIONSHIPS"
    Abstract, by DH Cloven - 1993 -Published online: 02 Jun 2009 - (Cited by 99)
    "A two‐part survey of 160 college students involved in dating relationships.

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