Jabir ibn Aflah al-Ishbili

Jābir ibn Aflaḥ al-Ishbīlī

Jābir ibn Aflaḥ al-Ishbīlī, latinizzato in Geber, da non confondersi con Gabir ibn Hayyan (in arabo جابر بن أفلح الاشبيلي?; Siviglia, fine XI secoloSiviglia, 1150), è stato un matematico e astronomo arabo della Spagna islamica (al-Andalus).

Compose un compendio dell'Almagesto (poi tradotto da Gerardo da Cremona) e trattò diverse questioni di matematica astronomica, dedicandosi in special modo alla trigonometria (un suo teorema è ancora noto come "Teorema di Geber").[1]

Invenzioni e contributo all'astronomia

Il Torquetum (Museo nazionale Tedesco, Norimberga). Strumento costruito nel 1568 da Johannes Praetorius, di Norimberga.

A lui si deve l'invenzione del Torquetum.[2]

Numerosi autori musulmani furono influenzati dal suo Kitāb al-hayʾat aw iṣlāḥ al-magisṭī (in arabo كتاب الهيثة أو إصلاح المجسطي?), inclusi Ibn Rushd (Averroè) e Nur al-Din al-Bitruji, entrambi attivi in al-Andalus. La sua opera fu trasmessa in Egitto nel XII secolo da Maimonide e successivamente più a oriente a partire dalla fine del XIII secolo.[3] Si trattava di un compendio in nove libri dell'Almagesto di Tolomeo e il fatto di essere stato tradotto in Ebraico e in Latino da Gerardo da Cremona sotto il titolo De Astronomia o Flores ex Almagesto, risultò assolutamente fondamentale per il progresso delle conoscenze nel mondo latino medievale.
In esso Jābir ibn Aflaḥ criticava le basi matematiche dell'Almagesto, sostituendo ad esempio l'uso del Teorema di Menelao con calcoli basati sulla più adeguata trigonometria sferica.
In trigonometria piana risolse i suoi problemi con l'aiuto dell'intera corda, invece di utilizzare le funzioni trigonometriche di seno e coseno.

Gran parte del materiale sulla trigonometria sferica di Regiomontano, come il De Triangulis omnimodis (c. 1463), è stato desunto direttamente, senza alcuna doverosa citazione, dall'opera di Jābir, come già notava nel XVI secolo Gerolamo Cardano.[4] La trigonometria che Niccolò Copernico (1473–1543) delinea nella prima parte del suo capolavoro epocale del De revolutionibus è anch'essa evidentemente ispirata da Jābir.[5]

Il codice latino dell'opera di Jābir ibn Aflaḥ è conservato alla Biblioteca Malatestiana di Cesena

Gli è stato dedicato il cratere lunare Geber.

Note

  1. ^ Randy K. Schwartz, "Al-qibla and the New Spherical Trigonometry: The Examples of al-Bīrūnī and al-Marrākushī [Al-qibla et la Nouvelle Trigonométrie Sphérique: Les Exemples d'al-Bīrūnī et al-Marrākushī", presentato al 10° Colloquio Maghrebino sulla "Storia della matematica araba" (COMHISMA10), Tunisi, 31 maggio 2010 ([1] versione in PDF).
  2. ^ R. P. Lorch, "The Astronomical Instruments of Jabir ibn Aflah and the Torquetum", su: Centaurus, 20, 1, 1976, pp. 11–34 (doi=10.1111/j.1600-0498.1976.tb00214.x).
  3. ^ Calvo 2007.
  4. ^ Victor J. Katz (a cura di), The Mathematics of Egypt, Mesopotamia, China, India, and Islam: A Sourcebook, Princeton University Press, 2007, ISBN 978-0-691-11485-9. URL consultato il 2 maggio 2019 (archiviato dall'url originale il 1º ottobre 2016)., p. 4
  5. ^ Ivars Petersons MathTrek Mathematical Association of America, su maa.org. URL consultato il 2 maggio 2019 (archiviato dall'url originale il 27 settembre 2012).

Bibliografia

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni

Controllo di autoritàVIAF (EN20109203 · ISNI (EN0000 0000 0694 0467 · LCCN (ENn91061231 · GND (DE104150459 · J9U (ENHE987007590957405171

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