Greco nord-occidentale

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Storia della
lingua greca
(vedi anche: Lineare B, alfabeto greco)
Substrato preellenico
Proto-greco
Miceneo (1600–1100 a.C. circa)
Lingua omerica
Greco antico (800–330 a.C. circa)
dialetti:
eolico, arcado-cipriota, attico-ionico,
dorico, nord-occidentale (acheo, eleo), locrese, panfilio, siceliota
Koinè greca (330 a.C.–330 circa)
varianti:
greco giudaico
Greco bizantino (330–1453)
Greco moderno (dal 1453)
questione della lingua greca
(demotico e katharévousa)
dialetti del demotico:
cappadocico, cretese, cipriota,
greco di Cargese, ievanico, italiota (grecanico, grico), pontico, zaconico,
greco mariupolitano
Questo box: vedi • disc. • mod.
  • Date tratte da D. B. Wallace, Greek Grammar Beyond the Basics: An Exegetical Syntax of the New Testament, Grand Rapids, 1997, pag. 12.

Sotto la denominazione generica di greco nord-occidentale o dialetti greci di nord-ovest ricadono una serie di varianti dialettali del greco antico simili, diffuse nel nord-ovest del Peloponneso (dove si erano mescolate con un precedente substrato eolico), nella Grecia centrale (regioni dell'Acarnania, dell'Etolia, della Focide, della Locride), e in Epiro, dove il centro sacro dell'oracolo di Zeus, a Dodona costituiva il loro punto di riferimento, insieme all'oracolo di Apollo a Delfi in Focide.

Uno di questi dialetti fu il dialetto eleo.[1]

Aspetti fonetici

Il greco di nord-ovest condivide con il dorico la maggior parte delle sue caratteristiche fonetiche salienti, fra cui la mancata trasformazione di α lunga in η, per cui si distingue dal dialetto ionico - attico; d'altro canto si distingue dal dialetto dorico per l'evoluzione in α breve dell'ε prima di ρ (ad es.: φάρω per φέρω "portare", πατάρα per πατέρα). Sul piano del consonantismo, si nota la trasformazione precoce di σθ in στ, unica nella grecità antica: cfr. ad es. l'imperativo aoristo λυσαστō, che in alfabeto greco orientale equivale a λυσάστω (ionico-attico λυσάσθω).

Aspetti morfologici

Fra le caratteristiche salienti dei dialetti greci nord-occidentali, sul piano morfologico, si annoverano:

  • il cosiddetto dativo etolico della terza declinazione, che esce in -οις, ed è praticamente un'estensione analogica del dativo dei temi in -o- della seconda declinazione: ad es.: παίδοις per παισίν, φαρόντοις per φέρουσιν (dativo plurale del participio presente) - tuttavia in Elide sussiste una desinenza -εσσι, traccia di un probabile influsso eolico precedente (il dativo etolico, in origine tipico dell'Etolia e della Focide, si estende agli altri dialetti di nord-ovest solo in un secondo momento);
  • la contrazione anomala -είμενος per -ούμενος nei participi dei verbi in -έω (ad es. φιλείμενος per φιλούμενος "amato").

Note

  1. ^ eleo, dialetto nell'Enciclopedia Treccani, su treccani.it. URL consultato il 19 agosto 2021.

Voci correlate

  Portale Antica Grecia: accedi alle voci di Wikipedia che trattano di antica Grecia

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