Corpo di Barr

Nuclei di cellule somatiche femminili. Nella foto superiore vengono evidenziati entrambi i cromosomi X (Xa e Xi) tramite FISH; in quella inferiore, invece, vi è l'evidenziazione tramite DAPI del cromosoma inattivato (Xi) e condensato in un corpo di Barr (indicato dalla freccia)

Il corpo di Barr (dal nome dello scienziato che li scoprì, Murray Barr)[1] è il cromosoma sessuale X in forma molto più compatta e spiralizzata:[2] modificazioni conformazionali della cromatina portano alla costituzione di eterocromatina altamente condensata e trascrizionalmente inattiva. Il processo prende il nome di XCI, Inattivazione del cromosoma X, ed è un processo casuale che avviene nelle cellule somatiche durante lo sviluppo embrionale[3] e che comporta il passaggio da uno stato cellulare indifferenziato ad uno stato differenziato ed irreversibile.[4]

Il processo di condensazione, detto anche di Lyonizzazione, ha la funzione di inattivare tutti i geni presenti sul cromosoma, tranne il locus Xic. Il corpo di Barr si forma solo in cellule con due (o più) cromosomi X e determina il fenomeno della compensazione delle dosi: cellule XX di mammifero possiedono un assortimento allelico doppio rispetto a cellule XY, pertanto le femmine dovrebbero avere un corredo genico legato all'X doppio rispetto ai maschi. A tale squilibrio viene posto rimedio inattivando i cromosomi X “in eccesso”. Il numero di Corpi di Barr è uguale al numero totale di cromosomi X meno uno: un individuo che possiede due cromosomi X tramite questo processo ne avrà uno solo attivo.

Alcune aneuploidie nell'uomo portano alla formazione di più di un corpo di Barr, è il caso della sindrome della tripla X (XXX) che produce due corpi di Barr e, nell'uomo, la sindrome di Klinefelter (XXY), che produce un corpo di Barr nell'uomo (che non ne dovrebbe avere affatto)

La formazione del corpo di Barr è dovuta all'azione della regione Xic, X inactivation centre.[5] Se questo è attivo sul cromosoma ne determina l'inattivazione altrimenti lo manterrà inalterato. Il processo di inattivazione è mediato da un lungo RNA non codificante prodotto dal gene Xist, che risiede all'interno della regione Xic. Xist RNA va a ricoprire il cromosoma dal quale viene prodotto, e su di esso provoca dei cambi conformazionali che portano alla condensazione della cromatina con conseguente silenziamento dei geni su di esso presenti. Altri fattori, come metilazione del DNA, reclutamento di mH2A e di H3K27me3, garantiscono il mantenimento e l'irreversibilità del processo. Xist è regolato da un'unità trascrizionale antisenso prodotta a partire dal promotore al 3': Tsix RNA è complementare a Xist RNA e il loro accoppiamento comporta la repressione di quest'ultimo. Questo meccanismo è necessario per mantenere attivo l'altro cromosoma X. Anche la metilazione del promotore di Xist concorre per evitare che si inneschi un XCI sul secondo cromosoma.

La struttura compatta del corpo di Barr ne permette il facile riconoscimento nel corso dell'interfase.

La condensazione del cromosoma X, inoltre, è parte integrante del controllo di pre-trascrizione.

Note

  1. ^ Barr, M. L., Bertram, E. G., (1949), A Morphological Distinction between Neurones of the Male and Female, and the Behaviour of the Nucleolar Satellite during Accelerated Nucleoprotein Synthesis. Nature. 163 (4148): 676-7.
  2. ^ Lyon, M. F., (2003), The Lyon and the LINE hypothesis. j.semcdb 14, 313-318. (Abstract)
  3. ^ Lyon, M. F. (1961), Gene Action in the X-chromosome of the Mouse (Mus musculus L.) Nature. 190 (4773): 372-3. DOI10.1038/190372a0 PMID 13764598 (Abstract)
  4. ^ Augui S, Nora EP, Heard E, Regulation of X-chromosome inactivation by the X-inactivation centre, in Nat. Rev. Genet., vol. 12, n. 6, giugno 2011, pp. 429–42, DOI:10.1038/nrg2987, PMID 21587299.
  5. ^ Rougeulle, C., Avner, P. (2003), Controlling X-inactivation in mammals: what does the centre hold?. j.semcdb 14, 331-340. (Abstract)

Bibliografia

Voci correlate

Collegamenti esterni

Read other articles:

Epsilon Aurigae A Epsilon Aurigae is located slightly below Capella, the brightest star in the constellation. Data pengamatan Epos J2000      Ekuinoks J2000 Rasi bintang Auriga Asensio rekta 05h 01m 58.1s Deklinasi +43° 49′ 24″ Magnitudo tampak (V) 3.04 Ciri-ciri Kelas spektrum F0Ia Indeks warna U−B 0.30 Indeks warna B−V 0.54 Indeks warna R−I 0.45 Jenis variabel Algol variable AstrometriKecepatan radial (Rv)-2.5 ± 0.9 km/sGer...

 

العلاقات الجنوب أفريقية الرواندية جنوب أفريقيا رواندا   جنوب أفريقيا   رواندا تعديل مصدري - تعديل   العلاقات الجنوب أفريقية الرواندية هي العلاقات الثنائية التي تجمع بين جنوب أفريقيا ورواندا.[1][2][3][4][5] مقارنة بين البلدين هذه مقارنة عامة وم�...

 

Norwegian Naval officer and polar explorer (1861–1936) Oscar Adolf Wisting c. 1930 Statue of Oscar Wisting at Larvik Maritime Museum (Larvik Sjøfartsmuseum) Oscar Adolf Wisting (6 June 1871 – 5 December 1936) was a Norwegian Naval officer and polar explorer. Together with Roald Amundsen he was the first person to reach both the North and South Poles.[1] Biography South Pole Medal Oscar Wisting was born in Larvik, in Vestfold county, Norway. He was the son of Ola Martin...

Chronologie de la France ◄◄ 1650 1651 1652 1653 1654 1655 1656 1657 1658 ►► Chronologies 7 juin : sacre de Louis XIVDonnées clés 1651 1652 1653  1654  1655 1656 1657Décennies :1620 1630 1640  1650  1660 1670 1680Siècles :XVe XVIe  XVIIe  XVIIIe XIXeMillénaires :-Ier Ier  IIe  IIIe Chronologies thématiques Art Architecture, Arts plastiques (Dessin, Gravure, Peinture et Sculpture), Littérature, Musique classique et Thé...

 

Pour les articles homonymes, voir John Baird et Baird. Cet article est une ébauche concernant une personnalité écossaise. Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (comment ?) selon les recommandations des projets correspondants. John Logie BairdJohn Logie Baird en 1917.BiographieNaissance 14 août 1888HelensburghDécès 14 juin 1946 (à 57 ans)BexhillNationalité britanniqueFormation Université de GlasgowUniversité de StrathclydeIkastola Abusu (d)Activités In...

 

Surinamese football club Football clubTakdier BoysFull nameSociaal Cultureel Sport Vereniging Takdier BoysFounded15 August 1952; 71 years ago (1952-08-15)GroundEddy Blackman Stadion, Livorno, SurinameCapacity2,000LeagueHoofdklasse2015–168th Home colours Sociaal Cultureel Sport Vereniging Takdier Boys also SCSV Takdier Boys or simply Takdier Boys, are a Surinamese football (soccer) club from Livorno, Suriname founded in 1952. The club compete in the Hoofdklasse, the highest...

This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (June 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) American Toy Company Aurora Plastics CorporationCompany typePrivate (1950–69) Subsidiary (1969–80)IndustryEntertainmentFounded1950FounderJoseph E. GiammarinoDefunct1980; 44 years ago (1980)FateSold to private investors in 1969,...

 

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Qambar Shahdadkot District – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) District of Sindh in PakistanShahdadkot District ضلع قمبر-شہدادکوٹقمبر شهدادڪوٽ ضلعو‎Distri...

 

Contemporary art fair in South Africa Parts of this article (those related to the 2009 fair) need to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (February 2021) Joburg Art Fair 2008 Joburg Art Fair 2008, Gallery MOMO and SMAC stands on the right Goodman Gallery stands at Joburg Art Fair 2008 Joburg Art Fair is a contemporary art fair held annually in Johannesburg, South Africa. The first show took place from 13 to 16 March 2008.[1&#...

Balai Kota DKI JakartaGedung Blok G yang digunakan sebagai kantor administratif di kompleks Balai Kota DKI JakartaLokasi di JakartaInformasi umumJenisBalai KotaGaya arsitekturBangunan dalam berbagai gaya arsitektur : Gaya Kerajaan Hindia, Gaya Internasional (arsitektur)LokasiJakarta, IndonesiaAlamatJl. Medan Merdeka Selatan No. 8-9, Jakarta 10110Koordinat6°10′52″S 106°48′44″E / 6.18111°S 106.81222°E / -6.18111; 106.81222Koordinat: 6°10′52″S 106°4...

 

Ice hockey team in Abbotsford, British ColumbiaAbbotsford PilotsCityAbbotsford, British ColumbiaLeaguePacific Junior Hockey LeagueConferenceHarold BrittainFounded1975 (1975)Home arenaMSA ArenaColoursSilver, black, blue, white        General manager Jack GoesonHead coach Daniell LangeWebsiteabbotsfordpilots.comFranchise history1975-1988Mission Pilots1988-presentAbbotsford Pilots The Abbotsford Pilots are a Junior A ice hockey team based in Abbotsford, British Colu...

 

Executive order signed by U.S. President Donald Trump Executive Order 13768Enhancing Public Safety in the Interior of the United StatesExecutive Order 13768 in the Federal RegisterTypeExecutive orderExecutive Order number13768Signed byDonald Trump on January 25, 2017 (2017-01-25)Federal Register detailsFederal Register document number2017-02102Publication dateJanuary 30, 2017 (2017-01-30)Document citation8799SummaryDisqualifies sanct...

Мезинський національнийприродний парк 51°43′14″ пн. ш. 33°00′55″ сх. д. / 51.72064840002777686° пн. ш. 33.01528860002777321° сх. д. / 51.72064840002777686; 33.01528860002777321Координати: 51°43′14″ пн. ш. 33°00′55″ сх. д. / 51.72064840002777686° пн. ш. 33.01528860002777321° сх. д.&#x...

 

Spanish explorer and conquistador (1511–1546) This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (August 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Francisco de OrellanaA bust of Francisco de Orellana with a patch over his left eyeBorn1511Trujillo, Crown of CastileDiedNovember 1546 (aged 34–35)Amazon Delta (today Pará and Amapá, Brazil)Natio...

 

  关于与「波斯」標題相近或相同的条目页,請見「波斯 (消歧义)」。 本條目存在以下問題,請協助改善本條目或在討論頁針對議題發表看法。 此條目含有過多、重複或不必要的内部链接。 (2019年7月1日)請根据格式指引,移除重复、標題链接以及任何与内容无关的链接。 此條目需要补充更多来源。 (2019年7月1日)请协助補充多方面可靠来源以改善这篇条目,无法查证�...

American actress Ruth McDevittMcDevitt in 1950BornRuth Thane Shoecraft(1895-09-13)September 13, 1895Coldwater, Michigan, U.S.DiedMay 27, 1976(1976-05-27) (aged 80)Hollywood, California, U.S.Other namesRuth Thane McDevittOccupationActressYears active1949–1976Spouse Patrick McDevitt ​ ​(m. 1928; died 1934)​ Ruth Thane McDevitt (née Shoecraft; September 13, 1895 – May 27, 1976)[1] was an American film, stage, radio, ...

 

Artikel ini mendokumentasikan suatu pandemi terkini. Informasi mengenai hal itu dapat berubah dengan cepat jika informasi lebih lanjut tersedia; laporan berita dan sumber-sumber primer lainnya mungkin tidak bisa diandalkan. Pembaruan terakhir untuk artikel ini mungkin tidak mencerminkan informasi terkini mengenai pandemi ini untuk semua bidang. Artikel utama: Pandemi koronavirus 2019–2020 Pandemi koronavirus di Kepulauan Mariana UtaraPenyakitCOVID-19Galur virusSARS-CoV-2LokasiKepulauan Mari...

 

American comic book publisher Timely ComicsThe original Timely Comics logo.Company typeDivisionIndustryPublishingFounded1939; 85 years ago (1939)Defunct1950; 74 years ago (1950)FateRebranded as Atlas Comics in 1951SuccessorAtlas Comics, Marvel ComicsHeadquartersManhattan, New York CityKey peopleMartin GoodmanProductsComic books, magazine Timely Comics is the common name for the group of corporations that was the earliest comic book arm of American publisher...

BigosBigos (pengucapan bahasa Polandia: [ˈbʲiɡɔs]; bahasa Belarus: бігас [1] atau бігус,[2] sering diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa Inggris sebagai rebusan pemburu, adalah hidangan Polandia dari berbagai jenis daging cincang yang direbus dengan sauerkraut dan parutan kubis segar. Disajikan panas dan dapat diperkaya dengan sayuran, rempah-rempah atau anggur.[3] Berasal dari Polandia, hidangan ini juga menjadi tradisional di wilayah yang luas Persemak...

 

هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (يوليو 2020) كنيسة مريم العذراء معلومات أساسيّة الانتماء الديني كنيسة الأرمن الأرثوذكس، أبرشية بيرويا المدينة حلب،  سوريا نوع العمارة كنيسة الطراز المعماري عمارة أر�...