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Rasisme ilmiah, kadang disebut dengan biologi ras,^[1]^[2] adalah keyakinan pseudosains bahwa terdapat bukti empiris untuk mendukung atau membenarkan rasisme (diskriminasi rasial), inferioritas ras, atau superioritas ras.^[3]^[4]^[5] Secara historis, rasisme ilmiah didukung oleh kalangan komunitas ilmiah, tetapi tidak lagi dianggap ilmiah.^[4]^[5]

Rasisme ilmiah menggunakan antropologi (terutama antropologi fisik), antropometri, kraniometri, dan disiplin pseudosains lainnya, dalam mengembangkan tipologi antropologis yang mendukung klasifikasi umat manusia ke dalam ras manusia yang terpisah secara fisik, yang mungkin dianggap lebih unggul atau lebih rendah dari ras lainnya. Rasisme ilmiah menjadi hal lumrah pada periode 1600-an sampai akhir Perang Dunia II. Sejak paruh kedua abad ke-20, rasisme ilmiah telah dikritik sebagai teori usang dan tak lagi dibahas, tetapi secara historis terus digunakan untuk mendukung atau menentang pandangan rasisme di dunia, berdasarkan pada keyakinan akan keberadaan dan signifikansi kategori ras dan hierarki ras superior dan inferior.^[6]

Setelah berakhirnya Perang Dunia II, rasisme ilmiah ditentang secara teori dan tindakan, terutama dalam pernyataan antirasisme UNESCO, "The Race Question" (1950). Untuk semua tujuan sosial yang praktis, 'ras' bukanlah fenomena biologis, melainkan mitos sosial. Mitos 'ras' telah menimbulkan kerusakan sosial dan kemanusiaan dalam jumlah sangat besar, dan menyebabkan penderitaan yang tak ternilai".^[7] "Fakta biologis ras" pada kenyataannya tidak bisa ditetapkan karena perkembangan genetika evolusi manusia menunjukkan bahwa perbedaan genetik manusia terjadi secara bertahap.^[8]^[9]

Istilah "rasisme ilmiah" umumnya digunakan secara peyoratif dalam karya modern, misalnya dalam The Bell Curve (1994). Para kritikus berpendapat bahwa karya-karya tersebut membenarkan rasisme, yang tidak didukung oleh bukti lainnya seperti hubungan antara ras dan kecerdasan.^[10] Karya-karya seperti Mankind Quarterly, ditulis secara eksplisit sebagai jurnal "sadar ras", umumnya dianggap sebagai media rasisme ilmiah dalam menerbitkan artikel mengenai interpretasi evolusi manusia, kecerdasan, etnografi, bahasa, mitologi, arkeologi, dan studi ras.

Referensi

^ Weitz, Eric D. (2015-04-27). A Century of Genocide: Utopias of Race and Nation (dalam bahasa Inggris). Princeton University Press. ISBN 9781400866229.
^ Signer, Michael Alan (2000). Humanity at the Limit: The Impact of the Holocaust Experience on Jews and Christians. Indiana University Press. p. 202. ISBN 0253337399.
^ "Ostensibly scientific": cf. Theodore M. Porter, Dorothy Ross (eds.) 2003.The Cambridge History of Science: Volume 7, The Modern Social Sciences Cambridge University Press, p. 293 "Race has long played a powerful popular role in explaining social and cultural traits, often in ostensibly scientific terms"; Adam Kuper, Jessica Kuper (eds.), The Social Science Encyclopedia (1996), "Racism", p. 716: "This [sc. scientific] racism entailed the use of 'scientific techniques', to sanction the belief in European and American racial Superiority"; Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Questions to Sociobiology (1998), "Race, theories of", p. 18: "Its exponents [sc. of scientific racism] tended to equate race with species and claimed that it constituted a scientific explanation of human history"; Terry Jay Ellingson, The myth of the noble savage (2001), 147ff. "In scientific racism, the racism was never very scientific; nor, it could at least be argued, was whatever met the qualifications of actual science ever very racist" (p. 151); Paul A. Erickson, Liam D. Murphy, A History of Anthropological Theory (2008), p. 152: "Scientific racism: Improper or incorrect science that actively or passively supports racism".
^ ^a ^b Gould, Stephen Jay (1981). The Mismeasure of Man. New York: W W Norton and Co. hlm. 28–29. ISBN 978-0-393-01489-1. Few tragedies can be more extensive than the stunting of life, few injustices deeper than the denial of an opportunity to strive or even to hope, by a limit imposed from without, but falsely identified as lying within.
^ ^a ^b Kurtz, Paul (Sep 2004). "Can the Sciences Help Us to Make Wise Ethical Judgments?". Skeptical Inquirer. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 23 November 2007. Diakses tanggal 1 December 2007. There have been abundant illustrations of pseudoscientific theories-monocausal theories of human behavior that were hailed as "scientific"-that have been applied with disastrous results. Examples: ... Many racists today point to IQ to justify a menial role for blacks in society and their opposition to affirmative action.
^ Cf. Patricia Hill Collins, Black feminist thought: knowledge, consciousness, and the politics of empowerment (2nd ed., 2000), Glossary, p. 300: "Scientific racism was designed to prove the inferiority of people of color"; Simon During, Cultural studies: a critical introduction (2005), p. 163: "It [sc. scientific racism] became such a powerful idea because ... it helped legitimate the domination of the globe by whites"; David Brown and Clive Webb, Race in the American South: From Slavery to Civil Rights (2007), p. 75: "...the idea of a hierarchy of races was driven by an influential, secular, scientific discourse in the second half of the eighteenth century and was rapidly disseminated during the nineteenth century".
^ UNESCO, The Race Question, p. 8
^ Cavalli-Sforza, L.L. (2001). Genes, Peoples and Languages, p. 30. Penguin Books, London. ISBN 9780865475298.
^ Gannon, Megan (5 February 2016). "Race Is a Social Construct, Scientists Argue". Scientific American (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 25 December 2018.
^ Tucker 2007

Bibliografi

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Bacaan lanjutan

Condit, Celeste M. (2010). Rhetorical Engagements in the Scientist's Process of Remaking Race as Genetic. The University of South Carolina Press. ISBN 978-1299241091.
Redman, Samuel J. (2016). Bone Rooms: From Scientific Racism to Human Prehistory in Museums. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0674660410.
Spiro, Jonathan P. (2009). Defending the Master Race: Conservation, Eugenics, and the Legacy of Madison Grant. University of Vermont Press. ISBN 978-1584657156. Ringkasan (29 September 2010).