Führerbunker

Führerbunker
Bunker Führer


Informasi umum
Kota	Berlin
Negara	Jerman Nazi
Koordinat	52°30′45″N 13°22′53″E / 52.5125°N 13.3815°E / 52.5125; 13.3815
Mulai dibangun	1943
Rampung	23 Oktober 1944
Dihancurkan	5 Desember 1947
Biaya	1.35 juta Reichsmark
Pemilik	Jerman Nazi
Desain dan konstruksi
Arsitek	Albert Speer, Karl Piepenburg
Firma arsitektur	Hochtief AG

Model 3D Kanseleri Reich Baru dengan lokasi kompleks bunker tersebut

Model 3D Führerbunker (kiri) dan Vorbunker (kanan)

Führerbunker adalah sebuah tempat berlindung dari serangan udara yang terletak di dekat Kanseleri Reich di Berlin, Jerman. Tempat tersebut merupakan bagian dari kompleks bunker subterania yang dibangun dalam dua fase yang diselesaikan pada 1936 dan 1944. Tempat tersebut merupakan Markas Besar Führer (Führerhauptquartiere) terakhir yang digunakan oleh Adolf Hitler, saat Perang Dunia Kedua.

Hitler tinggal di Führerbunker pada 16 Januari 1945 dan tempat tersebut menjadi pusat rezim Nazi sampai minggu terakhir Perang Dunia II di Eropa. Hitler menikah dengan Eva Braun disana pada minggu terakhir April 1945, tak lama sebelum mereka melakukan bunuh diri.

Setelah perang tersebut, bangunan Kanseleri lama dan baru ditingkatkan oleh Soviet. Disamping beberapa upaya penghancuran, kompleks bawah tanah sebagian besar masih tidak diapa-apakan sampai 1988–89. Pada saat pembangunan kembali wilayah Berlin tersebut, bagian-bagian dari kompleks bunker lama diekskavasi karena banyak bagian yang rusak. Situs tersebut masih tidak ditandai sampai 2006, ketika sebuah plat kecil dengan sebuah diagram skematik diinstalasikan. Beberapa koridor bunker tersebut masih ada, namun ditutup dari publik.

Pembangunan

Bunker Kanseleri Reich awalnya dibangun sebagai tempat berlindung dari serangan udara sementara untuk Hitler (yang sebenarnya menjalani waktu sangat sedikit di ibu kota tersebut pada kebanyakan masa perang tersebut). Pengeboman Berlin membuat kompleks tersebut dijadikan tempat berlindung yang permanen. Kompleks elaborate tersebut terdiri dari dua tempat berlindung yang terpisah, Vorbunker ( "bunker depan"; bunker atas), yang diselesaikan pada 1936, dan Führerbunker, yang lebih dalam 25 meter (82 ft) dari Vorbunker dan berada di sebelah barat-barat daya, diselesaikan pada 1944.^[1]^[2]

Peristiwa pada 1945

Perencanaan Führerbunker

Perencanaan Vorbunker

Hitler berpindah ke Führerbunker pada 16 Januari 1945. Ia bergabung bersama dengan staf senior-nya, yakni Martin Bormann. Pada April 1945, Eva Braun dan Joseph Goebbels berpindah ke Führerbunker sementara Magda Goebbels dan enam anak mereka tinggal di atas Vorbunker.^[3] Dua atau tiga dozen pendukung, pengobatan, dan staf administratif juga dibuat disana. Tempat tersebut ditinggali oleh para sekretaris Hitler (termasuk Traudl Junge), seorang perawat yang bernama Erna Flegel, dan seorang operator pengalihan telepon Sersan Rochus Misch.

Kutipan

^ Lehrer 2006, hlm. 117, 119, 123.
^ Kellerhoff 2004, hlm. 56.
^ Beevor 2002, hlm. 278.

Sumber

Arnold, Dietmar (9 January 2012) [8 June 2010]. "Berliner Unterwelten e.V.: The Legend of Hitler's Bunker". Berliner-unterwelten.de. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2011-05-18. Diakses tanggal 11 June 2011.
Beevor, Antony (2002). Berlin: The Downfall 1945. London: Viking–Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-670-03041-5.
Bullock, Alan (1999) [1952]. Hitler: A Study in Tyranny. New York: Konecky & Konecky. ISBN 978-1-56852-036-0.
Dollinger, Hans (1997). Decline and the Fall of Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan. London: Chancellor. ISBN 978-0-7537-0009-9.
Hamilton, Stephan (2008). Bloody Streets: The Soviet Assault on Berlin, April 1945. Solihull: Helion & Co. ISBN 978-1-906033-12-5.
Joachimsthaler, Anton (1999) [1995]. The Last Days of Hitler: The Legends – The Evidence – The Truth. London: Brockhampton Press. ISBN 978-1-86019-902-8.
Kellerhoff, Sven (2004). The Führer Bunker. Berlin: Berlin Story Verlag. ISBN 978-3-929829-23-5.
Kershaw, Ian (2008). Hitler: A Biography. New York: W.W. Norton & Co. ISBN 978-0-393-06757-6.
Lehrer, Steven (2006). The Reich Chancellery and Führerbunker Complex. An Illustrated History of the Seat of the Nazi Regime. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-2393-4.
Linge, Heinz (2009). With Hitler to the End. London; New York: Frontline Books–Skyhorse Publishing. ISBN 978-1-60239-804-7.
Mabire, Jean (1975). Mourir à Berlin (dalam bahasa French). Paris: Fayard. ISBN 978-2-213-00178-4.
McNab, Chris (2011). Hitler's Masterplan: The Essential Facts and Figures for Hitler's Third Reich. Amber Books Ltd. ISBN 978-1907446962.
McNab, Chris (2014). Hitler's Fortresses: German Fortifications and Defences 1939–45. Oxford; New York: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-78200-828-6.
Mollo, Andrew (1988). Ramsey, Winston, ed. "The Berlin Führerbunker: The Thirteenth Hole". After the Battle. London: Battle of Britain International (61).
MI5 staff (2005). "Hitler's last days". mi5.gov.uk. MI5. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2015-07-04. Diakses tanggal 12 June 2011.
Shirer, William L. (1960). The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-671-62420-0.
Speer, Albert (1971) [1969]. Inside the Third Reich. New York: Avon. ISBN 978-0-380-00071-5.
Staff (9 June 2006). "Debunking Hitler: Marking the Site of the Führer's Bunker". Spiegel Online. Spiegel-Verlag. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2023-04-09. Diakses tanggal 7 April 2014.
Taylor, Blaine (2007). Hitler's Headquarters: From Beer Hall to Bunker, 1920–1945. Dulles, Virginia: Potomac. ISBN 978-1-57488-928-4.
Williams, Andrew (2005). D-Day to Berlin. Hodder. ISBN 978-0-340-83397-1.
Ziemke, Earl F. (1969). Battle For Berlin: End Of The Third Reich. London: MacDonald. OCLC 253711605.

Bacaan tambahan

Boldt, Gerhard (1973). Hitler: The Last Ten Days. New York: Coward, McCann & Geoghegan. ISBN 978-0-698-10531-7.
C.I.U. General Staff, Geographical Section (1990). Ramsey, Winston G., ed. Berlin: Allied Intelligence Map of Key Buildings. After the Battle – Battle of Britain International. ISBN 978-1-870067-33-1.
Fest, Joachim (2005). Inside Hitler's Bunker: The Last Days of the Third Reich. New York: Picador. ISBN 978-0-374-13577-5.
Junge, Traudl (2004). Müller, Melissa, ed. Until the Final Hour: Hitler's Last Secretary. New York: Arcade Publishing. ISBN 978-1-55970-728-2.
Neubauer, Christoph (2010). Stadtführer durch Hitlers Berlin (dalam bahasa Deutsch and English). Frankfurt on the Oder: Flashback Medienverlag. ISBN 978-3-9813977-0-3. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2011-03-20. Diakses tanggal 2015-07-03.
O'Donnell, James P. (2001) [1978]. The Bunker. New York: Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-80958-3.
Petrova, Ada; Watson, Peter (1995). The Death of Hitler: The Full Story with New Evidence from Secret Russian Archives. New York: Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-03914-6.
Ryan, Cornelius (1966). The Last Battle. New York: Simon and Schuster.
Tissier, Tony Le (1999). Race for the Reichstag: the 1945 Battle for Berlin (edisi ke-illustrated, reprint). London; Portland, OR: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7146-4929-0.
Trevor-Roper, Hugh (1992) [1947]. The Last Days of Hitler (edisi ke-paperback). University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-81224-3.

Pranala luar

Wikimedia Commons memiliki media mengenai Führerbunker.

Shuger, Scott; Berger, Donald (21 June 2006). "Hitler Slept Here: The too-secret history of the Third Reich's most famous place". Slate Magazine. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2018-10-07. Diakses tanggal 2015-07-03.
The Führerbunker: Info and Plans Diarsipkan 2007-05-16 di Wayback Machine.. MalGo Media Services
The Bunker Personnel: The Who-Is-Who of the Bunker Diarsipkan 2015-02-21 di Wayback Machine.. MalGo Media Services
Bunkermuzeum – English version Diarsipkan 2018-10-28 di Wayback Machine.: Guide to military museums of Europe
3D-stereoscopic images of Chancellery Diarsipkan 2018-03-08 di Wayback Machine.

Politik

Personal Standard of the Führer

Peristiwa

Kediaman

Markas Führer	Brown House Berghof (Kehlsteinhaus) Reichskanzlei Wolf's Lair Werwolf Adlerhorst Kereta pribadi Führerbunker Wolfsschlucht I Wolfsschlucht II Anlage Süd Felsennest
Kediaman sipil	Braunau am Inn Linz Wina (asrama Meldemannstraße) München

Kehidupan pribadi

Barang pribadi

Persepsi

Eva Braun (istri)
Alois (ayah)
Klara (ibu)
Alois Jr. (separuh abang)
Angela (separuh kakak)
Gustav (abang)
Ida (kakak)
Otto (abang)
Edmund (adik)
Paula (adik)
Leo Rudolf Jr. (separuh keponakan)
Geli (separuh keponakan)
Elfriede (separuh keponakan)
William Patrick (separuh keponakan)
Heinz (separuh keponakan)
Johann Georg Hiedler (kakek)
Maria Anna Schicklgruber (nenek)

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