עיר פתוחה

מנילה שבפיליפינים הוכרזה כעיר פתוחה בדצמבר 1941 במטרה למנוע מצבא האימפריה היפנית להרוס את העיר

עיר פתוחה (או עיר פרזות) היא יישוב שהכריז במהלך מלחמה כי הוא מוותר על מאמצי ההגנה, וזאת בדרך כלל על מנת למנוע הרס ופגיעה בתושביו. ברגע שעיר הכריזה על עצמה כ"עיר פתוחה", ישנה ציפייה שהצבא היריב יכבוש את העיר באופן לא אלים ובלי להרוס את העיר. ההצהרה הזו נועדה להגן על תושבי העיר ועל נכסיה התרבותיים ממלחמה שעשויה להסב להם נזק.

כוחות התוקפים את העיר לא תמיד יכבדו את ההכרזה, וייתכן כי גם הכוחות המגנים ישתמשו בה כטקטיקה פוליטית.[1] במקרים מסוימים, ההכרזה על עיר כ"עיר פתוחה" עשויה להתבצע מצד במלחמה אשר נמצא על סף תבוסה או כניעה; במקרים אלה, הצד המצהיר מסוגל להילחם על העיר אך מעדיף לחסוך את הנזק שייגרם לעיר זו.

בהתאם לאמנת ז'נבה, חל איסור לתקוף מקומות "לא מוגנים בשום צורה שהיא".

ראו גם

הערות שוליים

  1. ^ פאול י. מרפי, רן ר. ארלינגטון, האפיפיורית: הביוגרפיה השנויה במחלוקת של האחות פסקאולינה, האישה החזקה ביותר בהיסטוריה של הוותיקן, ניו יורק: ספרי וורנר, 1983, עמ' 210, מסת"ב 0-446-51258-3

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