Tesla Model S

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Model na Tesla S, wanda aka gabatar a cikin 2012, wani kayan alatu ne mai amfani da wutar lantarki wanda ke saita sabbin ka'idoji don motocin lantarki dangane da kewayo, aiki, da fasaha. Model S yana kuma da ƙayyadaddun ƙira mai kyan gani tare da ƙarancin grille na gargajiya ko bututun shaye-shaye, yana mai da hankali kan yanayin wutar lantarki. A ciki, gidan yana ba da yanayi kaɗan kuma na gaba, tare da babban tsarin infotainment na allon taɓawa azaman tsakiya.

Tesla yana ba da kewayon zaɓuɓɓukan baturi don Model S, tare da bambance-bambancen aiki mafi girma waɗanda ke alfahari da haɓaka mai ban mamaki da sama da mil 300 na kewayo akan caji ɗaya.

Nasarar da Model S ta samu da farin jini ya kafa Tesla a matsayin jagora a masana'antar motocin lantarki kuma ya nuna cewa motocin lantarki za su iya yin gogayya da kuma zarce motocin injunan konewa na cikin gida na gargajiya dangane da aiki da alatu.^[1][2]

A cikin Janairu 2007, Ba'amurke mai kera motoci Tesla Motors ya buɗe wani wuri a Rochester Hills, Michigan, yana ɗaukar mutane sittin don yin aiki akan sabbin ayyuka, gami da sedan kofa huɗu.^[3][4] Farkon haɓakawa ƙarƙashin sunan mai suna WhiteStar, ^[5] Tesla ya shirya don motar ta sami zaɓuɓɓukan tashar wutar lantarki guda biyu. Na farko zai zama nau'in lantarki-lantarki mai amfani da wutar lantarki mai nisan mil 200 (kilomita 320). Na biyu kuma shi ne ya kasance wata motar lantarki mai amfani da wutar lantarki da ke da zango, mai iya tafiya tsakanin mil 40 zuwa 50 (kilomita 64 da 80) kan wutar lantarki kafin wata karamar injin mai ta sake cajin batir din ta kuma ta kara karfin motar, wanda hakan zai kai nisan mil 400 (kilomita 640). Duk da haka, a taron GoingGreen a watan Satumba na 2008, Elon Musk - babban jami'in gudanarwa na Tesla ^[6]- ya sanar da cewa kamfanin zai kera motoci masu amfani da wutar lantarki kawai.^[7]

A cikin 2007, Musk ya nada Henrik Fisker, wanda aka sani da aikinsa tare da Aston Martin, ^[8][9] a matsayin jagoran mai tsara aikin WhiteStar^{[10] [11]}Fisker ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar dalar Amurka 875,000 don kera motar.^[12]Kamfanin ya bukaci ya tsara wani "sleek, sedan mai kofa hudu" mai tsada daga $50,000-$70,000 (daidai da $75,823-$106,152 a 2023), da kuma cewa ya kasance a shirye tsakanin marigayi 2009 da farkon 2010. Fisker ya mallaki zane-zane, zane-zane a California Countys na Orange Countys. Halayensu gabaɗaya mara kyau ne; Ron Lloyd, mataimakin shugaban aikin WhiteStar, ya bayyana zane-zane a matsayin "mummunan [...] wasu daga cikin salon farko sun kasance kamar babban kwai". Lokacin da Musk ya ƙi ƙirarsa, Fisker ya dangana shawarar da takurawar aikin, yana mai cewa, "ba za su bar ni in sa motar ta zama mai sexy ba"^[13]. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan tarurrukan, Fisker ya fara kamfani mai sunan^[14] kuma ya yi muhawara da Fisker Karma a cikin 2008 a Nunin Mota na Duniya na Arewacin Amurka.^[15][16] Musk ya shigar da kara a kan Fisker, inda ya zarge shi da satar dabarun zane na Tesla da kuma amfani da $ 875,000 don kaddamar da nasa kamfani.^[17] Fisker ya ci nasara a karar a watan Nuwamba 2008, kuma wani mai sasantawa ya ayyana ikirarin Tesla ba tare da cancanta ba kuma ya umurci Tesla ya mayar da kudaden shari'a na Fisker.^[18][19]

Jiki da chassis na Model S an yi su ne da aluminum.^[20][21] Motar tana raba dandamalinta da kashi talatin cikin ɗari na sassanta tare da Model X, ^[22][23] matsakaiciyar matsakaiciyar alatu SUV wacce aka gabatar a cikin 2015.[^[24][25] Model S babban sedan ne mai girma mai kofofi hudu^{[26] [27]} da kujeru biyar; ^{[28] [29]} har zuwa 2018, yana da zabin nadawa jeri na uku tare da kujerun da ke fuskantar baya ga yara biyu tare da kayan aiki mai maki biyar.^[30][31] Kamfanin ya yi iƙirarin adadin ja na Cd=0.24,^[32] mafi ƙasƙanci na kowane motar kera yayin fitarwa.^[33] Mujallar Mota da Direba ce ta tabbatar da wannan da'awar a tsakiyar 2014^[34] An inganta ma'aunin ja da abin hawa ta ƙwaƙƙarfan fasshiya na gaba maimakon gasa, hannayen ƙofa da za a iya jurewa, da lebur ɗin ƙasa wanda ba shi da bututun shaye-shaye don tarwatsa iskar.^[35]

Fakitin baturi na Model S shine bangarensa mafi nauyi^[36][57] kuma yana cikin benen motar.^[37][38]Fakitin baturin ya ƙunshi dubban ƙwayoyin baturi iri ɗaya na silinda 18650, kowannensu yana auna milimita 18 (0.71 in) a diamita da milimita 65 (2.6 in) tsayi.^[39][40]Waɗannan sel sun ƙunshi graphite/silicon anode, ^[41] da nickel-cobalt-aluminum cathode.^{[42] [43]}Model S yana da tsakiyar tsayin nauyi inci 18 (460 mm), ^[44][45] yana rage haɗarin juyewa.^[46][47]Tun da mafi nauyi abubuwan da ke cikin tuƙi suna matsayi a bayan tsakiyar axle na baya, Model S yana da rabon nauyi na kashi 46 a gaba da kashi 54 a baya.^[48] Samfurin S yana da isassun kayan aikin rage sauri guda ɗaya.^[49] Samfuran tuƙi na baya-baya suna amfani da injin induction na yanzu mai canzawa guda ɗaya; Samfuran tuƙi mai ƙayatarwa kafin 2019 sun fito da biyu. Koyaya, daga 2019, ƙirar-motor dual-motor sun ƙunshi injin induction na baya da na gaba na dindindin na magnet ɗin da ba a so ba.

Memban giciye na aluminum da aka siminti a haɗe zuwa tsarin jikin abin hawa yana goyan bayan dakatarwar gaba da tsarin tutiya da taimakon lantarki. A bayan baya, an haɗa ƙaramin firam ɗin simintin simintin gyare-gyare zuwa jiki ta amfani da tsaunukan da aka keɓe na roba guda huɗu don rage girgiza.^[50] Dakatarwar gaba tana da ƙira mai sarrafa hannu biyu, yayin da dakatarwar ta baya tana amfani da tsarin haɗin kai da yawa, kowanne yana da maɓuɓɓugar iska don ingantacciyar kwanciyar hankali.^[51][52] Wannan chassis kuma yana da abubuwan haɗin faifan diski wanda Brembo ya samar.^[53][54]

Tun da Model S ba shi da injin gaba, Tesla ya aiwatar da "frunk", [bayanin kula 3] wanda ke da 5.3 cubic feet (150 L) na ajiya.^[55][56] Babban akwati na motar yana da ma'auni mai girman ƙafa 26.6 (750 L) tare da kujerun baya a tsaye da 58.1 cubic feet (1,650 L) lokacin da kujerun ke naɗewa.^[57][58]. Da farko, an ba da kujerun kujeru da tuƙi na Model S a cikin zaɓin fata na roba da na roba. A cikin 2017, bin buƙatu daga Mutane don Kula da Da'a na Dabbobi don zama farkon mai kera mota mara tausayi, Tesla ya canza zuwa fata na roba kawai.^[59][60][61]

2012-2016: Shekaru na farko

Duban gaban kashi uku cikin huɗu na farar 2015 Tesla Model S

Duban bayan kashi uku cikin huɗu na farar 2015 Tesla Model S

Model S

Tesla ya keɓance rukunin farko na Model S na 1,000 zuwa ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun bugu na "Sa hannu".^[62][63][85] Motar shigar da AC na ƙirar Sa hannu na tushe yana haifar da ƙarfin ƙarfin 270 kW (362 hp) da ƙarfin juzu'i na 439 newton-mita (324 lb⋅ft).[86] Motar Ayyukan Sa hannu yana samar da 310 kW (416 hp) da 601 newton-mita (443 lb⋅ft).[87][88] Duk samfuran biyu sun haɗa baturin lithium-ion mai nauyin kilowatt-85 (kWh), [88] [89] kuma suna da kewayon wutar lantarki mai nisan mil 265 (kilomita 426).[84] [90] [88]

Tun daga shekarar 2012, an ba da jeri na fakitin baturi uku na Model S a matsayin motocin shekarar 2013[bayanin kula 4].[92] Da farko, an tsara samfurin lithium-ion mai nauyin 40 kWh a matsayin sigar matakin shigarwa, amma Tesla ya sanar a cikin 2013 cewa ba za a samar da wannan sigar ba.[93] Motar wannan sigar ita ce ta samar da wutar lantarki mai nauyin kilowatts 175 (235 hp) da karfin juyi na 420 newton-mita (310 lb⋅ft).[94][95][96] Madadin haka, an gabatar da samfurin da ya fi ƙarfin tare da ƙirar 60 kWh-tare da fitarwar sa iyakance zuwa 40 kWh ta hanyar software—an gabatar da shi don maye gurbin ƙirar 40 kWh.[94] Motarsa ​​tana samar da kilowatts 225 (302 hp) da 430 newton-mita (317 lb⋅ft), [97] yana samar da kewayon mil 208 (kilomita 335).[98].

1. ↑ "The top 10 cars that changed the world (and one that's about to)". The Daily Telegraph. December 19, 2014. Archived from the original on October 13, 2023. Retrieved July 27, 2024.
2. ↑ Perkins, Chris (November 3, 2023). "Tesla Model S has lived long enough to see itself become a villain". Road & Track. Archived from the original on February 29, 2024. Retrieved July 27, 2024.
3. ↑ Mara, Janis (January 27, 2007). "New electric cars spark interest all over Bay Area". East Bay Times. Archived from the original on July 28, 2024. Retrieved July 28, 2024.
4. ↑ Finley, Erica J. (January 15, 2009). "Electric carmaker Tesla Motors will maintain presence in Auburn Hills". MLive Media Group. Retrieved May 12, 2025.
5. ↑ Vance 2016, p. 272
6. ↑ Tennant, Chris; Stilgoe, Jack (2021). "The attachments of 'autonomous' vehicles". Social Studies of Science. 51 (6): 846–870. doi:10.1177/03063127211038752. ISSN 0306-3127. PMC 8586182. PMID 34396851.
7. ↑ Fessler 2019, p. 133
8. ↑ Squatriglia, Chuck (July 2, 2010). "Henrik Fisker's 'timeless' automotive designs". WIRED. Archived from the original on January 22, 2021. Retrieved July 28, 2024.
9. ↑ Yeomans, Jon (March 26, 2023). "Henrik Fisker: 'I left Aston Martin for my electric SUV dream'". The Times. Archived from the original on August 20, 2024. Retrieved July 28, 2024
10. ↑ Foldy, Ben (August 7, 2020). "Car designer Henrik Fisker lost his first race with Elon Musk. He wants to go again". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on June 12, 2024. Retrieved July 28, 2024.
11. ↑ Eisenstein, Paul A. (March 27, 2019). "Fisker wants another shot at Tesla with a new Model Y fighter". CNBC. Archived from the original on July 28, 2024. Retrieved July 28, 2024.
12. ↑ Squatriglia, Chuck (April 15, 2008). "Sparks fly as Tesla sues Henrik Fisker over sedan design". WIRED. Archived from the original on August 26, 2024. Retrieved August 26, 2024.
13. ↑ Vance 2016, pp. 273–274.
14. ↑ "Detroit Auto Show". The Wall Street Journal. January 17, 2008. Archived from the original on August 20, 2024. Retrieved July 28, 2024.
15. ↑ Vance 2016, pp. 273–274
16. ↑ Henry, Jim (November 4, 2008). "Fisker claims victory in Tesla lawsuit". CBS News. Archived from the original on August 29, 2024. Retrieved August 26, 2024.
17. ↑ Vance 2016, pp. 273–274
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19. ↑ Henry, Jim (November 4, 2008). "Fisker claims victory in Tesla lawsuit". CBS News. Archived from the original on August 29, 2024. Retrieved August 26, 2024.
20. ↑ Eisler 2022
21. ↑ Martenson 2023, p. 206
22. ↑ Fitzgerald, Jack (December 4, 2023). "2024 Tesla Model X review, pricing, and specs". Car and Driver. Archived from the original on July 27, 2024. Retrieved July 30, 2024.
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24. ↑ Paris, Martine (January 22, 2024). "The EV SUVs consumers want are coming". BBC News. Archived from the original on April 4, 2024. Retrieved July 30, 2024.
25. ↑ Hirsch, Jerry; Mitchell, Russ (September 30, 2015). "Model X: Under the hood of Tesla's SUV strategy". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on August 29, 2024. Retrieved July 30, 2024.
26. ↑ Bettencourt, Michael (October 24, 2012). "Latest Tesla is exotic, electric and exciting". The Globe and Mail. Archived from the original on July 30, 2024. Retrieved July 30, 2024.
27. ↑ Solon, Olivia (August 23, 2016). "Improved Tesla Model S among world's fastest-accelerating cars, company says". The Guardian. Archived from the original on August 29, 2024. Retrieved July 30, 2024
28. ↑ Bettencourt, Michael (October 24, 2012). "Latest Tesla is exotic, electric and exciting". The Globe and Mail. Archived from the original on July 30, 2024. Retrieved July 30, 2024.
29. ↑ Solon, Olivia (August 23, 2016). "Improved Tesla Model S among world's fastest-accelerating cars, company says". The Guardian. Archived from the original on August 29, 2024. Retrieved July 30, 2024.
30. ↑ Pollard, Tim (November 7, 2018). "Half a year living with a Tesla Model S: the long-term verdict". Car. Retrieved September 7, 2024.
31. ↑ Lambert, Fred (November 10, 2018). "Tesla increases base price of Model S and Model X, makes several option changes to 'simplify offering'". Electrek. Archived from the original on April 21, 2025. Retrieved April 26, 2025.
32. ↑ Cunningham, Wayne (June 22, 2012). "Tesla Model S first drive: Quiet satisfaction". CNET. Archived from the original on July 30, 2024. Retrieved July 30, 2024.
33. ↑ Berman, Bradley (September 28, 2012). "One big step for Tesla, one giant leap for EVs". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 5, 2023. Retrieved July 30, 2024.
34. ↑ Drag queens: Aerodynamics compared". Car and Driver. June 6, 2014. Archived from the original on February 25, 2024. Retrieved July 30, 2024.
35. ↑ Hutchinson, Lee (October 28, 2013). "Review: Tesla Motors' all-electric Model S is fast—but is it a good car?". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on August 20, 2024. Retrieved July 27, 2024.
36. ↑ Cunningham, Wayne (October 7, 2010). "Tesla Model S: The battery pack". CNET. Archived from the original on August 20, 2024. Retrieved July 31, 2024.
37. ↑ Weber 2022, p. 78
38. ↑ Zohuri, Rahmani & Behgounia 2022, p. 536.
39. ↑ Warner 2024, p. 352
40. ↑ Fuller & Harb 2018, p. 191
41. ↑ LeVine, Steve (July 21, 2015). "Why did Elon Musk pass up a chance to boast about a scientific coup?". Quartz. Archived from the original on August 16, 2024. Retrieved August 16, 2024.
42. ↑ Warner 2015, p. 189.
43. ↑ Hayes & Goodarzi 2018, p. 70.
44. ↑ Fessler 2019, p. 138.
45. ↑ Dyer, Ezra (November 19, 2014). "Tesla Model S 60: 2015 10Best Cars". Car and Driver. Archived from the original on July 31, 2024. Retrieved July 31, 2024.
46. ↑ Favaro 2017, p. 113
47. ↑ Ingram, Antony (August 20, 2013). "Tesla crash test: Tesla Model S is the safest car in the history of the NHTSA". The Christian Science Monitor. Archived from the original on July 31, 2024. Retrieved July 31, 2024.
48. ↑ Reynolds, Kim (March 16, 2015). "2013 Tesla Model S P85+ Review". Motor Trend. Archived from the original on August 3, 2024. Retrieved August 8, 2024.
49. ↑ VanderWerp, Dave (December 8, 2021). "Tesla Model S Plaid can't go 200 MPH. And you wouldn't want to". Car and Driver. Archived from the original on August 2, 2024. Retrieved August 2, 2024.
50. ↑ Lee, Timothy B. (April 24, 2019). "Motor technology from Model 3 helps Tesla boost Model S range 10%". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on January 21, 2021. Retrieved August 25, 2024.
51. ↑ Dorian, Drew (December 7, 2023). "2024 Tesla Model S review, pricing, and specs". Car and Driver. Retrieved May 11, 2025.
52. ↑ Sherman, Don (January 11, 2011). "2012 Tesla Model S electric sedan". Car and Driver. Archived from the original on July 29, 2024. Retrieved July 29, 2024.
53. ↑ Markus, Frank (August 11, 2014). "2014 Tesla Model S P85+ vs. 2014 BMW i8 comparison". Motor Trend. Archived from the original on August 3, 2024. Retrieved August 3, 2024.
54. ↑ Verpraet, Illya (August 11, 2023). "Tesla Model S Plaid review". Autocar. Archived from the original on June 5, 2024. Retrieved July 31, 202
55. ↑ Johnston & Sobey 2022
56. ↑ "2017 Tesla Model S interior, cargo space & seating". U.S. News and World Report. Archived from the original on August 1, 2024. Retrieved August 1, 2024.
57. ↑ "2014 Tesla Model S interior, cargo space & seating". U.S. News and World Report. Archived from the original on August 1, 2024. Retrieved August 1, 2024.
58. ↑ Neil, Dan (April 3, 2015). "Tesla Model S: The future is here". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on August 3, 2024. Retrieved August 3, 2024.
59. ↑ Brady, Duncan (August 23, 2023). "The inconvenient truth about vegan leather in cars". Motor Trend. Retrieved August 3, 2024.
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62. ↑ Garthwaite, Josie (May 6, 2011). "Tesla prepares for a gap as Roadster winds down". The New York Times. Archived from the original on August 20, 2024. Retrieved August 5, 2024.
63. ↑ Ziegler, Chris (February 12, 2013). "Going the distance: Driving the Tesla Model S in the real world". The Verge. Archived from the original on August 5, 2024. Retrieved August 5, 2024.